提高美国制造业成本，影响美国就业。彼得森国际经济研究所发布报告指出，95%被加征关税的中国商品是零配件与电子组件，它们被组装在“美国制造”的最终产品中，提高相关产品关税将损害美国企业自身。《纽约时报》称，中国生产的发动机及其他零部件对美造船企业至关重要，暂时无法找到替代品，造船企业利润空间基本不可能消化25%的关税成本，提高自身产品价格将失去市场份额。通用电气公司预测，美国对自中国进口商品加征关税将导致其成本上升3亿-4亿美元。通用汽车、福特及菲亚特-克莱斯勒等汽车制造商纷纷下调了全年利润预测。美国最大的铁钉制造商中洲公司表示，对进口钢铁加征关税致使其成本提升，产品价格被迫上涨，销售额预计将下降50%，公司经营面临较大冲击。今年6月，该公司已解雇了500名工人中的60名，并计划再解雇200名工人。中洲公司的困境还扩散到其下游的包装环节——与其合作的SEMO包装公司，由于业务缩减，已经开始裁员。彼得森国际经济研究所的评估指出，美国对进口汽车加征关税将导致美国减少19.5万个就业岗位，若受到其他国家报复性措施，就业岗位可能减少62.4万个。

It will push up manufacturing costs and affect American jobs. A PIIE report contends that since 95 percent of the Chinese products hit by higher tariffs are parts and electronic components used in end products made in the US, raising tariffs on these Chinese products will only damage US businesses.  According to the New York Times, electric motors and other components from China are vital to the US boating industry, and it is not easy for importers to find substitutes. Their profit margins are too thin to absorb the cost of 25 percent tariffs, and raising prices would cost them market share.  General Electric estimates that new tariffs on imports from China could raise its overall costs by US$300-400 million. General Motors, Ford Motor and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles have lowered their full-year profit forecasts due to escalating tariffs.  Mid-Continent, the largest nail manufacturer in the US, said its sales would plummet by 50 percent after it raised prices to cope with its elevated steel costs, and that it laid off 60 of its 500 workers in June and planned to downsize by another 200. Mid-Continent’s problems have already spread downstream. For example, Semo Packaging has started to shed its workforce as a result of fewer orders from Mid-Continent and similar customers.  PIIE also projected that raising tariffs on imported automobiles would cause 195,000 US workers to lose their jobs. If other countries retaliate in kind, 624,000 US jobs would be lost. 

　　导致美国国内物价上升，消费者福利受损。美国自中国进口产品中，消费品一直占很高比重。根据美国商务部经济分析局统计，2017年消费品（不包括食品和汽车）占中国对美出口的比重为46.6%。长期进口中国物美价廉的消费品是美国通胀率保持低位的重要因素之一。美国设备制造商协会在敦促美国政府不要实施损害经济的关税措施时指出，关税是对美国消费者的税收。美国国家纳税人联盟在2018年5月3日写给国会与总统的公开信中警告称，保护性关税将导致美国消费品价格上涨，伤害多数美国公民利益。美国汽车制造商联盟在6月提交给政府的一份文件称，其对2017年汽车销售数据的分析显示，对进口汽车征收25%的关税将导致平均价格上涨5800美元，这将使美国消费者每年的消费成本增加近450亿美元。

It will drive up prices in the US and harm consumers. Consumer goods account for a considerable share in the US imports from China. The figure (excluding food and automobiles) stood at 46.6 percent in 2017, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the US Department of Commerce. For many years, the import of inexpensive yet quality products from China has been key to low inflation in the US. The US Association of Equipment Manufacturers has urged the administration not to levy economy-damaging tariffs, as they will only boomerang and increase the tax burden on US consumers. The US National Taxpayers Union warned in an open letter to Congress and President Trump on May 3, 2018 that higher protective duties would increase the prices which domestic consumers would have to pay and few people could hope to gain from such a change.  The US Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers concluded in a June report to the government that based on its analysis of 2017 automobile sales figures, a 25 percent tariff on imported automobiles would drive up the average price by US$5,800, thus increasing the cost for US consumers by nearly US$45 billion every year. 

　　引发贸易伙伴反制措施，反过来损害美国经济。美国政府向包括中国在内的很多重要贸易伙伴发动贸易战，已引发各贸易伙伴的反制措施，势必使美国一些地区、产业、企业承担大量损失。截至2018年7月底，包括中国、加拿大、墨西哥、俄罗斯、欧盟、土耳其在内的美国主要贸易伙伴均已宣布对其贸易保护主义措施实施反制，并相继通过世界贸易组织提起诉讼。例如，加拿大政府6月29日宣布，将从7月1日起，对价值约126亿美元从美国进口的商品加征关税。7月6日，俄罗斯经济部宣布将对部分美国商品加征25%-40%的关税。欧盟针对美国钢铝关税采取反制措施，将美国进口摩托车关税从6%提高至31%。

It triggers countermeasures from trading partners and will in turn hurt the US economy. The trade war waged by the US administration against China and many other important trading partners has led to countermeasures, and will cause huge losses to some regions, industries and firms in the US. As of the end of July 2018, major US trading partners including China, Canada, Mexico, Russia, the EU and Turkey had all announced countermeasures against US trade protectionism, and had filed lawsuits at the WTO. For example, the Canadian government announced on June 29 a tariff increase on US$12.6 billion of US goods, effective from July 1. The Russian Economy Ministry announced a 25 percent to 40 percent tariff hike on some US products on July 6. As a countermeasure to American duties on European steel and aluminum, the EU raised tariffs on US-made motorcycles from 6 percent to 31 percent.