（三）以国内法“长臂管辖”制裁他国

　　“长臂管辖”是指依托国内法规的触角延伸到境外，管辖境外实体的做法。近年来，美国不断扩充“长臂管辖”的范围，涵盖了民事侵权、金融投资、反垄断、出口管制、网络安全等众多领域，并在国际事务中动辄要求其他国家的实体或个人必须服从美国国内法，否则随时可能遭到美国的民事、刑事、贸易等制裁。

3. “Long-arm jurisdiction” and sanctions against other countries based on US domestic laws

“Long-arm jurisdiction” refers to the practice of extending one’s tentacles beyond one’s borders and exercising jurisdiction over foreign entities based on one’s domestic laws. In recent years, the US has been extending its “long-arm jurisdiction” to wider areas including civil torts, financial investment, anti-monopoly, export control and cybersecurity. In international affairs, the US has frequently requested entities or individuals of other countries to obey US domestic laws, otherwise they may face US civil, criminal or trade sanctions at any time. 

　　以出口管制为例，美国为巩固技术领先优势，很早就构建起一揽子出口管制制度。主要依据《出口管理法》、《出口管制条例》、《国际紧急经济权力法》，要求美国出口商或用户出口时必须申请许可证。对于国外购买方而言，则要求不得违反商品最终用途、最终用户等限制性规定，否则将受到处罚，包括被列入“实体清单”，严格限制或禁止从美国进口。统计显示，截至2018年8月1日，全球范围内被列入美国商务部“实体清单”的主体数量达到1013家。这种行为不仅损害了包括美国公司在内的相关企业利益，还损害了广大发展中国家发展权利。

　　美国还在抓紧审查修订现行出口管制法规，强化“长臂管辖”行为。2018年8月13日，美国总统签署了《2019财年国防授权法案》，作为其重要组成部分的《出口管制改革法案》提高了对外国控股公司的限制条件，增加了对“新兴和基础技术”的出口控制，建立了跨部门协商机制以提高执法能力。近期，美国商务部产业和安全局以“违反美国国家安全或外交政策利益”为由，将44个中国机构新列入出口管制名单。这种行为给中国企业参与相关贸易制造了障碍，实质是对“长臂管辖”强化和升级。

Take export control as an example. To consolidate its technological advantages, the US has long established an all-round export control system. Through the Export Control Act, the Export Administration Regulations and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, US exporters or exporting users must apply for export licenses. Foreign buyers are required not to violate restrictive regulations such as those on end-use and end-users, otherwise they will be subject to penalties, including being put in the Entity List which will place them under strict restrictions, or even prohibit them from importing from the US. Statistics show that by August 1, 2018, as many as 1,013 entities from around the world have been put on the Entity List of the US Department of Commerce. This action has undermined not only the interests of companies concerned – including those from the US – but also the development rights of developing countries.  

The US is also vigorously reviewing and revising its export control legislation to strengthen its “long-arm jurisdiction”. On August 13, 2018, the US President signed the National Defense Authorization Act 2019, an important part of which is the Export Control Reform Act (ECRA). The ECRA further tightened restrictions on foreign-holding companies, intensified controls on “emerging and basic technologies”, and mandated an inter-agency process to boost law enforcement capabilities. Recently, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the US Department of Commerce added 44 Chinese entities to its Entity List for “acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States”. Such measures create obstacles for Chinese businesses to conduct normal trade and are in fact an extension and upgrading of “long-arm jurisdiction”.