美国通过立法严格要求政府部门采购本国产品，并对采购他国产品设置歧视性条款。例如，《购买美国产品法案》规定，美国联邦政府机构仅能采购在美国生产的加工最终产品以及在美国开采或生产的未加工品。《美国法典》规定，针对申请联邦政府或州政府资助的公共交通项目，必须使用美国国产的铁、钢和制成品。《农业、农村发展、食品和药品管理及相关机构拨款法案》规定，拨款资金不得为学校午餐、儿童成人关照食品、儿童夏日食品服务、学校早餐等项目购买从中国进口的生的或加工过的家禽产品。《国防授权法案》以国家安全为由，规定禁止联邦政府采购中国企业提供的通讯设备和服务。

The US, by way of legislation, sets strict requirements on its government departments to “buy American” and imposes discriminatory terms on purchasing foreign products. For example, the Buy American Act stipulates that US federal agencies can only acquire manufactured products made in America and unmanufactured articles that have been mined or produced in America.  According to the Code of Laws of the United States of America, an application for a public transport project receiving federal or state funding can be granted only if the steel, iron and manufactured goods used in the project are produced in the US.  According to the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, none of the funds made available by this Act may be used to procure raw or processed poultry products imported into the US from China for use in the school lunch program, the Child and Adult Care Food Program, the Summer Food Service Program for Children or the school breakfast program.  The National Defense Authorization Act prohibits the federal government from procuring telecommunications equipment and services provided by Chinese companies on the grounds of national security. 

　　（二）滥用“国家安全审查”，阻碍中国企业在美正常投资活动

　　美国是全球范围内最早对外国投资实施安全审查的国家。1975年，美国专门成立外国投资委员会，负责监测外国投资对美国的影响。1988年，美国通过《埃克森-弗洛里奥修正案》，对《1950年国防生产法》进行了修正，授权美国总统及其指派者对外资并购进行审查。《2007年外商投资与国家安全法案》扩充了外国投资委员会，扩大其安全审查范围。从半个多世纪的立法过程看，美国对外国投资实施安全审查的主线就是收紧法规政策，扩大监管队伍和审查范围，近期特别针对中国强化了审查和限制。

2. Abuse of “National Security Review” as a way to obstruct the normal investment activities of Chinese companies in the US

The US is the first in the world to conduct security reviews on foreign investment. In 1975, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) was established for the specific purpose of monitoring the impact of foreign investment in the US. In 1988, the Exon-Florio Amendment revised the 1950 Defense Production Act by mandating the US President and people with the authority to review foreign takeovers. The Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007 expanded CFIUS and broadened its scope of review.  The legislation process in the US over the past 50 years shows that the US security review of foreign investment has mainly been characterized by tighter laws, regulations and policies, expanded regulatory teams and scope of reviews, and more recently, intensified screening and restrictions vis-à-vis China.

　 在外商投资安全审查实践中，美国“国家安全审查”的依据模糊不清，审查力度不断加大。根据美国外国投资委员会的历年外资安全审查报告，2005-2008年审查外国投资交易案例468起，其中需要进入调查阶段的案例37起，占比仅8%。但自2008年美国财政部发布《外国人合并、收购和接管规制：最终规则》以后，2009-2015年期间审查的770起案例中，需要进入调查阶段的达到310起，占比陡然提高到40%。尤其是在最新披露的2015年数据中，这一比例进一步提高到46%，处于较高水平（图8）。

　　图表：图8：美国外国投资委员会审查案例和进入调查阶段案例统计 新华社发

In practice, the US “national security review” is often based on flimsy evidence and is becoming increasingly stringent. According to CFIUS annual reports to Congress,  the Committee reviewed 468 foreign investment transactions from 2005 to 2008, only 37 of which (8 percent) entered the stage of investigation. However, since the Department of the Treasury issued the Regulations Pertaining to Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers by Foreign Persons in 2008, among the 770 cases reviewed between 2009 and 2015, 310 cases – 40 percent of the total – passed on to the stage of investigation, which represents a noticeably sharp rise. In particular, the latest data released in 2015 shows this percentage climbing to an even higher level of 46 percent (Chart 8). 

Chart 8 Statistics on Cases Reviewed and Investigated by CFIUS