（三）提供大量补贴，扭曲市场竞争

　　美国联邦和地方政府对部分产业和企业提供大量补贴、救助和优惠贷款，这些补贴行为在很大程度上阻碍了市场的公平竞争。根据美国补贴监控组织“好工作优先”统计，2000-2015年间，美国联邦政府以拨款、税收抵免等方式至少向企业补贴了680亿美元，其中582家大公司获得的补贴占总额的67%。同一时期，美国联邦机构向私人部门提供了数千亿美元的贷款、贷款担保和救助援助。享受美国政府补贴的行业十分广泛，在列入统计的49个行业中，汽车、航空航天和军工、电气和电子设备、油气、金融服务、化工、金属、零售、信息技术等均在前列。美国州和地方政府也给予了企业大量补贴。由于州政府在补贴方面基本不受联邦政府的管辖，其补贴方式及金额透明度低，具有较大隐蔽性，实际补贴额远高于其披露数额。

3. Large subsidies that distort market competition

US governments at federal and sub-national levels provide large subsidies, bailout assistance, and concessional loans to some sectors and companies. Such actions obstruct, to a large extent, fair market competition. According to Good Jobs First, an American organization that tracks subsidies, between 2000 and 2015, the federal government provided at least US$68 billion in grants and special tax credits to businesses, with 582 large companies receiving 67 percent of the total.  During the same period, federal agencies gave the private sector hundreds of billions of dollars in loans, loan guarantees, and bailout assistance. A wide range of sectors received government subsidies. Motor vehicles, aerospace and military contracting, electrical and electronic equipment, oil and gas, financial services, chemicals, metals, and retailing and information technologies ranked among the top of the 49 tracked sectors.  State and local governments also gave enormous subsidies to companies. The amounts of subsidies at the state level are basically not subject to federal jurisdiction, hence the difficulty in assessing their specific scale and nature. Actual amounts of the state-level subsidies are much higher than the disclosed figures.

　　在航空领域，美国波音公司2000年以来获得联邦和州（地方）政府的定向补贴金额145亿美元；2011年以来获得来自各级政府的贷款、债券融资、风险投资、贷款担保、救助等737亿美元（专栏5）。

　　图表：专栏5 欧盟诉美国民用飞机补贴案 新华社发

In the aviation sector, Boeing has received US$14.5 billion of allocated subsidies from the federal and state/local governments since 2000 and US$73.7 billion of loans, bond financing, venture capital, loan guarantees and bailout assistance from governments at various levels since 2011  (Box 5).

　　在汽车行业，美国联邦和州政府均有对汽车的扶持政策，并向大型汽车企业提供巨额救助和变相补贴。国际金融危机期间，美国政府在“不良资产援助计划”下设立“汽车产业资助计划”（AIFP），为大型汽车企业提供了近800亿美元的资金救助。2007年，美国能源部依据《2007年能源独立和安全法案》第136条款制定了“先进技术汽车制造贷款项目”，美国国会对该项目的授权贷款总额达到250亿美元。特斯拉公司自2000年以来得到美国联邦和州（地方）政府超过35亿美元的补贴。

In the automotive industry, the US government at both federal and state levels supports the auto industry with preferential policies and provides key auto companies with large bailouts and disguised subsidies. During the global financial crisis, the US government, with its Automotive Industry Financing Program (AIFP) under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TAPR), provided key auto companies with nearly US$80 billion of assistance.  In 2007, the US Department of Energy, citing Section 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, introduced the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM), with authorization from the US Congress, to provide up to US$25 billion in loans.  Since 2000, Tesla has received more than US$3.5 billion in subsidies from US federal and state/local governments.