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《关于中美经贸摩擦的事实与中方立场》白皮书 (中英对照全文)V

发布时间: 2018-10-12 09:27:21   作者:译聚网   来源: 国新网   浏览次数:



  在计算机和半导体制造领域,美国事实上早就在执行由政府引导的产业政策。上世纪80年代,美国政府对美国半导体制造技术战略联盟拨款10亿美元,以创造具有“超前竞争性”的技术,保持美国技术领先地位,避免过度依赖外国供应商。苹果公司研发的几乎所有产品,包括鼠标、显示器、操作系统、触摸屏等,都得到了美国政府部门的支持,甚至有些直接萌芽于政府实验室。

  在军工领域,美国对军工企业提供了包括税收优惠、贷款担保、采购承诺等不同形式的支持,对濒临破产的大型军工企业提供临时性政府贷款、企业重组基金、破产保护、过渡基金和债务减免等优惠政策。《2014年美国国防生产法案》规定,“总统可授权担保机构向私营机构提供贷款担保,以资助该担保机构认定的,对建立、维护、扩大、保护或恢复国防所需生产或服务至关重要的任何军工承包商、分包商、关键基础设施或其他国防生产供应商等”。2016年,全球最大的军工企业洛克希德·马丁公司获得康涅狄格州2亿美元资金支持。

In the field of computer and semiconductor manufacturing, the US has long adopted government-led industrial policies. The US government allocated US$1 billion in the 1980s to SEMATECH to support cutting-edge research, with a view to maintaining America’s leading position in this area and preventing over-reliance on foreign suppliers. Apple’s research and development on nearly all of its products, including the mouse, the display, the operating system, and the touch screen, received support from US government departments, with some of them created directly in labs run by the government. In the military-defense industry, the US has supported related enterprises with preferential taxes, loan guarantees, procurement commitments, etc. Large military-defense enterprises on the brink of bankruptcy have been offered special government loans, restructuring funds, bankruptcy protection, transitional funds, debt relief and other preferential policies. As provided in the 2014 Defense Production Act, “The President may authorize a guaranteeing agency to provide guarantees of loans by private institutions for the purpose of financing any contractor, subcontractor, provider of critical infrastructure, or other person in support of production capabilities or supplies that are deemed by the guaranteeing agency to be necessary to create, maintain, expedite, expand, protect, or restore production and deliveries or services essential to the national defense”. In 2016, Lockheed Martin, the world’s largest military-defense company, obtained US$200 million from the State of Connecticut. 

  在农业领域,美国长期对农业实施高额财政补贴政策,世界上绝大多数农业补贴政策均起源于美国。根据乌拉圭回合谈判的结果,美国可在191亿美元的补贴上限内对各单项产品提供“黄箱”补贴。凭借雄厚的财力和充裕的补贴空间,美国对其大量出口的农产品提供了高额补贴。这些补贴影响了世界农产品的公平竞争,多次遭到相关国家挑战,巴西与美国之间历时12年之久的陆地棉补贴案就是典型代表。2014年,美国对农业补贴政策作出重大调整,以“价格损失保障计划”和“农业风险保障计划”替代原有的“反周期支付”等直接补贴计划,但仍与价格挂钩,“黄箱”补贴的性质并未变化,而支持水平却持续增加。美国农业部前首席经济学家约瑟夫·格劳勃等指出,这两种保障计划设定的参考价格均高于过去的目标价格,实际是提高了补贴支持水平。美国国会研究局的测算表明,两项保障计划2015年和2016年支出分别为101亿美元和109亿美元,而且2016-2017年度支持水平超出了2014年新法案出台前的水平。其中,对各单项产品支持的总金额接近150亿美元,为近10年的最高水平。此外,美国还通过各类信用担保计划促进农产品出口,并通过各类非紧急粮食援助计划将大量过剩农产品转移到国外,导致了严重的商业替代,对受援国当地农产品市场造成严重干扰,侵害了其他农产品出口国的利益。

In agriculture, high subsidies have long been a policy of the US, the birthplace of the majority of agriculture subsidies in the world. As a result of the WTO Uruguay Round negotiations, the US can give all individual items up to US$ 19.1 billion in amber box subsidies. With abundant financial resources and extensive room for subsidies, the US provides high subsidies for its huge agricultural exports. These subsidies undermine fair international competition and have been repeatedly challenged by other countries, a case in point being the 12-year-long dispute with Brazil over the upland cotton subsidy. In 2014, as part of a major adjustment to its agriculture subsidy policy, the US replaced direct subsidy programs, such as the Counter-cyclical Payment, with the Price Loss Coverage Program and the Agricultural Risk Coverage Program. Simply another form of amber box subsidy, these price-pegged subsidies resulted in a higher level of support. Joseph Glauber, the former chief economist of the US Department of Agriculture, pointed out that these two coverage programs, with reference prices set higher than the target prices of the past, in fact raised the level of subsidy support.  According to the Congressional Research Service, the two programs together cost US$10.1 billion in 2015 and US$10.9 billion in 2016. The 2016-2017 support level was higher than before the introduction of the act in 2014.  A total of nearly US$15 billion was spent in support of individual items, the highest in nearly a decade.  The US also boosted its agricultural exports through various forms of credit guarantee programs. On top of that, the US sent a large volume of the excess farm produce abroad as non-emergency food aid, which led to serious problems of commercial substitution, distorting local agricultural markets in the recipient countries, and undermining the interests of other agricultural exporting countries. 


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