6. 昨天下午在办公室与她谈话的那个人已经被解聘了。
The man who had a talk with her in the office yesterday afternoon has been dismissed.
对比以上各例中的原文与译文,我们可以看出,在定语与中心词位置的安排上,英语有两个选择,既可前置(通常是词作定语),又可以后置(通常是短语和从句),两者之间作比较,后置的现象更常见;而汉语则只有一个选择,即定语前置。
造成汉语句子向左扩展的第二个原因是,在表达思想时,汉民族习惯于先对事情发生的背景进行铺垫, 从侧面说明,阐述外围的环境,最后点出话语的焦点信息。例如:
7. 昨天晚上七点半在剧院门口,我遇到了我多年来见的中学同学。
I met with my middle school classmate at the entrance of the theater at 7:30 yesterday evening, whom I haven't seen for years.
此例说明,汉语把时间、地点这些状语成分放在句首,而英语则后置,在汉语中其他类型的状语成分如:原因、条件、让步等也是前置的。这也导致向左扩展的形成。还是用例子来说明:
8. 听说这个大工厂几年前创建时只有6名工人,我们都很吃惊。
We were astonished to hear Chat there were only six workers in that big factory when it started a few years ago.
9. 去年秋天,我接到全国总工会的邀请,到北京参加国庆节庆祝活动。
I went to Beijing last Autumn to attend the National Day celebrations at the invitation of All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
10. 除非受到外力的作用,静止的物体将永远保持静止。
A body at rest always remain at rest unless it is acted on by external forces.
11. 他5岁生了ー场病,变成了聋子。
He became deaf after an attack of illness at 5.
以上各例英语译文中,主从两句的位置是可以互换的,特别是当要强调分句的信息时,更是如此。而汉语原文中的主从顺序一般是不可颠倒,否则将违反汉语言的语法与表达习惯。