9) The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom.
酮的官能团是由一个通过双键与氧原子相连的碳原子组成的。（过去分词短语作后置定语）
4、定语从句作后置定语
定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。由关系代词（that，which，who，whom，whose，but，as）或关系副词（where, when, why, as, wherein, whereon）引导。定语从句除译作“……的”外，还有许多翻译技巧和方法。概括起来主要有以下几种：
Ⅰ、 翻译成定语
译成“……的”，置于被修饰的词之前。
10) When fuels burn, they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made. 燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来构成它们的那些更加简单的物质。
11) One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals, but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our everyday life. 也许有人已经对有机化学所涉及的物质有所了解，但是他可能并不知道有机化学触及我们日常生活已达到什么样的程度。
Ⅱ、译成表示同等关系的并列分句
这样的定语从句，起着对先行词进一步说明的作用，往往译成并列分句。有时加译“其、它、这”等词。例句：
12) An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.
酸是这样一种化合物，其溶液能产生氢离子。
13) The first higher homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive.
苯的第一个高级同系物是甲苯，它是制造炸药的原料。
14) The elements themselves were changing , which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the old alchemists.
这些元素本身也在变化，这是 除了古代炼金术士以外，人们一直认为不可能的事。
Ⅲ、译成表示转折的并列分句
当定语从句在意思上与主句相对照或语气转折时，可译成转折句。加译“而、但、却、可、是”等。
例句：
15) Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.
物质是由分子组成的 ，而分子又是由原子组成的。
16) Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.
伯醇的和缓氧化生成醛，而醛能进一步氧化生成有机酸。
Ⅳ、译成状语从句
当定语从句在意义上相当于表示原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等的状语从句时，就可以译成状语从句。可加译“因为、虽然、只要、因而”等词。
17) The water should be free from dissolved salts which will cause deposits on the tubes and lead to overheating.
水中应不含溶解盐，因为它会沉积在管壁上，导致过热。（表原因）
18) For any substance whose formula is known, a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.
不管什么物质，只要知道其分子式，就能求出与分子式相应的质量。 (表条件)
19) The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn. 这些研究的重大成就给有机化学的整个领域带来了理论上的统一，从而使有机化学原理的教和学变得较为容易。（表结果）
Ⅴ、由“as”引导的非限制性定语从句，相当于表示说话人态度和看法的插入语，英译汉时，一般译成状语从句：“正如…那样”。
20) As has been pointed out above , solids do not expand as much as gases and liquids. 正如上面所指出的，固体的膨胀没有气体和液体的那么大。
21) As we know, the molecules of gas move freely in all directions.
大家都知道，气体分子向四面八方自由运动。
ⅤI 、同位语从句作后置定语
22) This explains the rule that like dissolves like.
这就解释了相似相溶的规则。
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