主体具有主导性,但并不具有无视客体可容性的凌驾性。无论是翻译研究抑或是翻译实践,都是由主体(翻译者与研究者)来付诸实践,并加以完成的。这是显然的事实。这个事实就确立了主体的主导性。人是实践的主体(执行者和完成者),如果没有主体,任何行为都不可能完成。“主体的主导性”还表现为行为完成的“质”与“量”,可因主体的特质和能量之不同面不同。译事高手可以译完部艰深的作品,而且译得有声有色,初出茅庐的译者则非得长期地惨淡经营不可,而且译出来也可能只是差强人意。造成差异的个中原委当然不一而足,但主体主导性发挥的程度之不同则肯定是很重要的原因。这类的事实就突出了一种可能误导的现象:似乎翻译主体、主体的主导性具有凌驾一切的能动性。研究翻译,只要抓住主体的主导性和能动性就成了。中国和西方(时间上比中国短)传统译论研究的基本取向就是这样。
中国译论始于论佛教圣典的翻译,为期大约六百年。这六百年中译论的主旨(基本原则)或有重文者、或有重质者、或有文质兼顾者,但基本上没有离开维祗难(Vighna)一开头说的两句话“依其义不用饰,取其法不以严”,即只着眼于主体的译经原则,至于如何“依其义”、如何“取其法”、“其义”何在、“其法”又何在通通语焉不详;“改梵为秦”问题极其复杂,但六百年中也始终无人深究其详。近代译论始于清末直到二十世纪中期,这期间一共有四段译论影响至深:第一段出白马建忠的〈拟设翻译书院议〉:第二段出自严复的《天演论·译例言》;第三段出自傅雷致罗新璋书,论神似与形似;第四段出自钱钟书论〈林纾的翻译〉。这四段论述谈的基本上是翻译主体的运作问题,可以归纳为主体对客体(原作)的悟、人、化,以及这种运作应该达到什么样的审美标高,即善、信、达、雅、神似、形似、化境等等。从主体出发开启翻译运作的认识途径,符合中国古代哲学从主体出发开启“道”的内涵,及践仁、践义、践礼、践智的传统。在上述四段论述中,除了马建忠在谈到“心悟神解”以前提到要首先分析原文文本以外,其他三段论述都沿袭传统,只谈主体的运作,可以归纳为“信、达、雅”及“悟、人、化”等等,不谈客体的存在。这些对后世、对社会、对译坛影响深远的论述,所起的作用无异于一份接一份主体具有至高无上的凌驾性的宣言。
不仅如此,我国的译坛先驱还以自己的实践图解了主体的凌驾性,明显表现出无视文本的“主体中心论”(centrement du subject)。下面是严复翻译Herbert Spener著Study of Sociology (严复译为《群学疑言》)中的一段。Spener的原文是这样的:(文中斜体部分均未译出或未贴切译出)
When standing by a lake-side in the moonlight, you see stretching over the rippled surface towards the moon, a bar of light which, as shown by its nearer part, consists of flashes from the sides of separate wavelets. You walk, and the bar of light seems to go with you. Tbere are, even
among the educated classes, many who suppose that this bar of light has an objective existence, and who believe that it really moves as the observer moves——occasionally, indeed, as I can testify, expressing surprise at the fact. But, apart from the observer there exists no such bar of light; nor when the observer moves is there any movement of this line of glittering wavelets. All over the dark part of the surface the undulations are just as bright with moonlight as those he sees; but the light reflected from them does not reach his eyes. Thus, though there seems to be a lighting of some wavelets and not of the rest, and though, as the observer moves, other wavelets seem to become lighted that were not lighted before, yet both these are utterly false seemings. The simple fact is, that his position in relation to certain wavelets brings into view their reflections of the moon's light, while it keeps out of view the like reflections from all other wavelets.
下面是严复的译文,文藻优美,可读性之佳,使清末的士大夫阶层为之愕然:(文中括号部分为译者自行添加的,无原文依据)