中国是一个统一的多民族国家，西藏人民是中华民族大家庭的重要成员。中国的疆域和历史是中华民族共同创造的，藏族作为中国境内具有悠久历史的民族之一，为多民族统一国家的缔造与发展，为中华民族的形成和发展作出了重要贡献。大量考古、学术研究表明，藏族与汉族和其他兄弟民族自古就有血缘、语言和文化等方面的密切联系，西藏地方与中国内地的经济、政治、文化往来始终没有中断过。13世纪，元朝中央政府设立释教总制院和宣政院，直接管理西藏地区军政事务，正式将西藏地方纳入中央行政管辖之下。此后，中央政府对西藏的管辖逐步规范化、制度化，其中包括直接掌握西藏地方行政机构及任命西藏地方官吏的权力，驻军戍边，并多次在西藏清查人口户籍等。明袭元制，实施多封众建，贡市羁縻。清朝加强了对西藏地方的管理。清朝皇帝于1653年、1713年分别册封五世达赖喇嘛、五世班禅喇嘛，自此正式确定达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼的封号，以及他们在西藏的政治和宗教地位。1727年，清廷设驻藏大臣，代表中央监督西藏地方行政。1751年，清王朝正式任命七世达赖喇嘛掌管西藏地方政府，废除郡王掌政制度，设立由四位噶伦组成的噶厦地方政府。1793年，清廷在驱除廓尔喀入侵势力之后，颁布了著名的《钦定藏内善后章程二十九条》，完善了中央政府治理西藏地方的多项制度，明确规定达赖喇嘛等大活佛转世须经金瓶掣签认定，并报请中央批准。清朝此后的五位达赖喇嘛有三位经由“金瓶掣签”认定，有两位由清朝皇帝批准免于金瓶掣签。清朝皇帝还曾于1706年革除六世达赖仓央嘉措的名号，并于1904年和1910年先后两次革除十三世达赖土登嘉措的名号。
China is a unified, multi-ethnic country, and the Tibetan people are important members of the family of the Chinese nation. China’s territory and history were created by the Chinese nation; the Tibetan group, as one of the centuries-old ethnic groups in China, has made important contributions to the crea-tion and development of this unified, multi-ethnic country and to the formation and evolvement of the Chinese nation. Arc-haeological and academic research findings show that since ancient times the Tibetan people have been closely connected with the Han and other ethnic groups in blood relationship, lan-guage, culture and other aspects, and economic, political and cultural exchanges between Tibet and inland China have never been broken off. In the 13th century the central government of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) formally incorporated Tibet into the central administration by setting up the Supreme Control Commission and the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Af-fairs to directly administer the military and political affairs of the Tibet region. Following this, the Yuan central government gradually standardized and institutionalized the administration of Tibet, including directly controlling the local administrative organs of Tibet and exercising the power of appointing local officials in Tibet, stationing troops there and conducting censuses. Following the Yuan system, the Ming (1368-1644) government implemented such policies as multiple enfeoffment, tributary trade and establishment of subordinated administrative divisions. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) strengthened the central government’s administration of Tibet. In 1653 and 1713 the Qing emperors granted honorific titles to the 5th Dalai Lama and the 5th Panchen Lama, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet. From 1727 the Qing court established the post of grand minister resident in Tibet to supervise local administration on behalf of the central authorities. In 1751 the Qing government abolished the system under which the various commandery princes held power, and formally appointed the 7th Dalai Lama to administer the local government of Tibet, and set up the Kashag (cabinet) composed of four Kalons (ministers). In 1793, after dispelling Gurkha invaders, the Qing government promulgated the Ordinance by the Imperial House Concerning Better Governance in Tibet (29 Articles), improving several systems by which the central government administered Tibet. The Ordinance stipulated that the reincarnation of Dalai Lama and other Living Buddhas had to follow the procedure of “drawing lots from the golden urn,” and the selected candidate would be subject to the approval by the central authorities of China. In the Qing Dynasty five Dalai Lamas were selected in this way, but two did not go through the lot-drawing procedure as approved by the Qing emperors. The Qing emperors deposed the 6th Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, in 1706 and the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, in 1904, and again in 1910.
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