严格控制和慎用死刑，确保死刑只适用于极少数罪行极其严重的犯罪分子。继2011年刑法修正案（八）取消13个经济性非暴力犯罪的死刑后，2015年通过的刑法修正案（九）再次减少适用死刑的罪名，取消走私武器、弹药罪，走私核材料罪，走私假币罪，伪造货币罪，集资诈骗罪，组织卖淫罪，强迫卖淫罪，阻碍执行军事职务罪，战时造谣惑众罪9个罪的死刑，并进一步提高对判处死刑缓期执行的罪犯执行死刑的门槛。在死刑案件中充分保障被告人的辩护权和其他合法权益，实行死刑第二审案件全部开庭审理。最高人民法院复核死刑案件注重依法讯问被告人，听取辩护律师的意见。
依法审理民商事案件，切实保障民生权利。2012年至2015年，各级法院审结民商事案件3230.24万件。其中，审结农村承包合同纠纷案件9.01万件、宅基地纠纷案件1万件，审结婚姻家庭、抚养继承等案件661.16万件。妥善处理人身伤害、劳动就业、教育、医疗、住房等与人民生产生活密切相关的案件，依法保障民生。2012年至2015年，各级人民法院共审结涉民生案件233.43万件。
Strictly control the death penalty and employ it with prudence to ensure that it applies only to a very small number of extremely serious criminal offenders. Following the Amendment (VIII) to the Criminal Law in 2011 which abolishes the death penalty for 13 economy-related, non-violent offenses, Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law, adopted in 2015, again reduces the number of crimes for capital punishment, abolishing the death penalty for nine areas of crime: smuggling arms and ammunitions, smuggling nuclear materials, smuggling counterfeit currency notes, counterfeiting currency, illegally raising funds, organizing others for prostitution, forcing others into prostitution, obstructing commanders or personnel in the performance of their military duties, and creating rumors and misleading the people during time of war. Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law also extends the possibility of reprieve in cases of capital sentence. In death penalty cases, the defendant's right to defense and other legitimate rights and interests are fully protected, as hearings are held for all death penalty cases of second instance. When the Supreme People's Court reviews a death penalty case, it focuses on interrogating the defendant in accordance with the law, and listening to opinions of the defense counsel.
Try civil and commercial cases by law to effectively protect people's right of livelihood. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded 32,302,400 civil and commercial cases. Among these, 90,100 involved rural contract disputes, 10,000 involved homestead disputes, and 6,611,600 cases involved marriage and family, upbringing and inheritance. The courts properly handled cases relating to personal injury, employment, education, health care, housing, and other areas closely related to people's daily and working life, protecting people's livelihood according to the law. From 2012 to 2015, people's courts at all levels concluded a total of 2,334,300 such cases.
依法审理环境资源案件，保护公民环境权益。2014年6月，最高人民法院设立环境资源审判庭。截至2015年，全国共有24个省（自治区、直辖市）的法院设立环境资源审判庭、合议庭、巡回法庭，共计456个。2012年至2015年，各级法院共审结各类涉及资源、环境案件49.55万件。2013年至2015年，最高人民法院先后4次共计发布33起环境资源典型案例，保障环境资源法律的全面、正确、统一施行，推动生态环境司法治理。
依法审理行政诉讼案件，维护行政相对人合法权益。2012年至2015年，各级法院共审结各类行政案件57.9万件。妥善审理社会关注的房屋拆迁行政诉讼案件，依法保护被拆迁人合法权益，审结房屋拆迁行政诉讼案件3.28万件。健全行政机关负责人依法出庭应诉制度。江苏省行政机关负责人行政诉讼出庭应诉率2014年至2015年均在90%以上，其中海安县人民政府连续3任县长亲自出庭应诉，连续6年行政机关负责人出庭应诉率达100%。加强行政案件协调和非诉行政案件执行等工作，促进化解行政纠纷。及时向行政机关反馈审判工作中发现的行政执法突出问题，促进依法行政。2014年至2015年，最高人民法院先后发布“征收拆迁十大案例”“信息公开十大案例”“环境保护十大案例”“行政不作为十大案例”和“经济行政十大案例”，规范行政执法，统一裁判尺度。
Hear cases involving the environment or resource use to protect citizens' environmental rights. In June 2014, the Supreme People's Court established a tribunal for lawsuits involving the environment and resource use. As of 2015, courts of 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had established 456 tribunals, collegial benches and circuit courts for environment cases. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded a total of 495,500 such cases. From 2013 to 2015, the Supreme People's Court notified the public of 33 typical environment cases on four occasions, trying to ensure environment and resource laws are properly applied in a comprehensive, correct, and consistent way, and to promote environmental protection on the basis of the law.
Hear administrative cases to safeguard legitimate rights and interests of private parties. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded 579,000 administrative cases of various types. The courts properly heard administrative proceedings involving house demolitions of high social concern, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of displaced people in accordance with the law. They concluded 32,800 administrative cases involving house demolitions. The system whereby the individual in charge of an administrative agency appears and defends the organ in court in accordance with the law has been improved. In 2014 and 2015, among Jiangsu administrative agencies involved in administrative proceedings, more than 90 percent of those in charge appeared in court. Three consecutive magistrates of Hai'an County People's Government personally appeared in court. For six years, all heads of various administrative organs of this county, when involved in administrative proceedings, appeared in court. Coordination of administrative cases and enforcement of non-litigation administrative cases have been strengthened, helping resolve administrative disputes. Timely feedback on prominent law enforcement problems found in court trials has been provided to administrative agencies to promote law-based administration. From 2014 to 2015, the Supreme People's Court made known to the public ten cases concerning land acquisition, house demolition and relocation, ten information disclosure cases, ten cases concerning environmental protection, ten cases concerning administrative nonfeasance, and ten administrative cases concerning commercial interests. In so doing, it has regulated administrative law enforcement, and provided uniform criteria for judgment.
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