英文合同一经生效,各方当事人必须全面地履行合同中的各项义务,如果义务人不履行义务,应当承担法律责任。但是,如果一方当事人不能履行合同义务是由于发生了不能预见、对其发生和后果不能避免并不能克服的事件(as a result of the event that one party could not have foreseen at the time of conclusion of the contract,being unable to either avoid or overcome its occurrence and consequences),可以在抗辩事由(opposition reasons)成立的条件下,免除或部分免除其法律责任。
《中华人民共和国合同法》所规定的不履行合同的抗辩事由为“不可抗力事件” (Force Majeure)。“不可抗力”在国际贸易实践中已广为人知,各国法律以及国际公约和惯例,都有关于合同当事人因不可抗拒事件不能履行合同,可以免除责任的规 定。《中华人民共和国合同法》第117条规定:“因不可抗力不能履行合同的,根据不可抗力的影响,部分或全部免除责任,但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的,不能免除责任”(If a contract cannot be performed owing to force
majeure , all or part of the obligations shall be relieved, depending on the impact of the force majeure,unless otherwise stipulated in the laws. If force majeure occurs after a party delays the performance,it shall not be relieved of its obligations) 。
《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》也规定了有关不可抗力的免责内容:即“A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences”(如果当事人一方能证明,其不履行合同义务是由于某种非他所能控制的障碍,而且对于这种障碍,没有理由预期他在订立合同时能考虑到或能避免或克服它或它的后果,则该当事人不负责任)。国际统一私法协会制定的《国际商事合同通则》也作了类似的规定。
起草免责条款(不可抗力条款),应注意以下问题:
1.应明确约定不可抗力的范围和种类。
实践中,确定不可抗力的范围有三种方式,即:概括式、列举式和综合式。概括式只笼统规定,发生不可抗力可以免责。例如:“在人力不可抗拒的情况下,卖方对迟交或不交货概不负责”(In case of Force Majeure, the Seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of goods )。这种规定较含糊,容易出现解释上的纠纷。列举式是指合同当事人在合同中列举了不可抗力的具体事件,作为免责的条件。例如规定为:“在以下不可抗力的情况下,卖方对交货迟延或不交货不负责任:火灾、水灾、地震、暴风雨、战争、罢工以及封锁” (The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-shipment in the following events of Force Majeure, including fires,floods,earthquakes,tempests,war, strikes and blockade)。这种约定方式,其范围没有一定的灵活性,一旦发生的不可抗力事件超出约定的范围,就无法引用。