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以说明为主的作文是说明文。
说明文就是用说明的或主要用说明的表达方式来对客观事物的形状、构造、性质、原理、成因、关系、功能等进行解说和阐述,是一种给人以知识的文章。解释抽象概念和阐明科学原理及自然现象的科技文章也属于这一文体。
说明文分三类:(1)实体事物说明文,包括说明书、广告、解说词、知识小品、知识注解等。(2)事理说明文,包括理论性
概念解释、书文简介、教材等。(3)文艺性说明文,把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事对其进行介绍。
常用的说明文方法有:
(1)下定义:用简明的语言把这一事物有别于其它事物的本质属性揭示出来,给人一个明确的概念。
(2)举例:用具体事例说明事物的一般原则、原理、特征等。通过举例可把抽象的事物说得具体易懂。
(3)运用比喻、比拟的手法:用比喻或比拟使抽象的事物形象化,说明更加生动活泼。
(4)比较:把相近或相反的事物或事物的不同情况放在一起确定其异同。这种方法容易显示事物的特征,揭示其本质。
(5)引用数字:用数字直接说明事物的数量和形状,能够把抽象的事物具体化,读者易于了解和接受。
此外,还有原因说明、分类说明、图表说明、描述说明等。作者可根据说明的对象、目的选取一种或多种说明方法。
说明文的要求:
(1)要抓住事物的本质特征,因为只有本质的特征才能给人以深刻的科学认识。
(2)必须掌握说明顺序——空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序和认识顺序,才能把说明文写得条理分明。
(3)语言要浅显、准确、通俗易懂。
范例分析
What Causes Waves?
Waves are beautiful to look at, but they can destroy ships at sea, as well as houses and buildings near the shore. What causes waves? Most waves are caused by winds blowing over the surface of the water. The sun heats the earth, causing the air to rise and the winds to blow. The winds blow across thesea, pushing little waves into bigger and bigger ones.
The size of a wave depends on how strong the wind is, how long it blows,and how large the body of water is. In a small bay big waves will never build up.But at sea the wind can build up giant, powerful waves.
A rule says that the height of a wave (in meters) will usually be no more than one-tenth of the wind's speed (in
kilometers). In other words, when the wind is blowing at 120 kilometers per hour,most waves will be about twelve meters. Of course, some waves may combine to form giant waves that are much higher. In 1933 the United States Navy reported the largest measured wave in history. It rose in the Pacific Ocean to a height of thirty-four meters.
评析:
本文是说明事理的。用简明的语言说明了风是形成浪的原因;风的大小决定浪的高低;最后一段用具体数字说明风速与浪高的比例。这是一篇阐明自然现象的科普文章。
责任编辑:admin