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议论为主的作文就是议论文。议论文是运用一定的材料通过一定的论证方法来表明自己的立场、观点和态度的文章。一般说来,完整的议论,总是由论点、论据和论证构成的。论点就是对材料进行分析得出来的判断,又叫观点。论据就是用来证明作者的论点的材料和根据。论证就是运用论据来说明论点的过程。
常用的方法有:举例论证,分析论证,引证论证,对比论证和类比论证。还有反证法,证明对方论点是错误的,自己的论点是正确的,从而驳倒对方。
议论文的要求:
(1)论点要正确、鲜明。在论证中,无论是对正面观点的阐述,还是对反面观点的反驳,自己的论点都必须正确、鲜明,
赞成什么,反对什么,必须鲜明地表示出来,不能含糊不清。
(2)论据要充实可靠。这就要求作者选择论据要典型,要真实可靠。只有充实的论据,文章才有说服力。
(3)论证要合乎逻辑。这就要求论证时,说理要严谨,推理要合乎逻辑。
最常见的议论文结构是纵贯式,就是按提出问题,分析问题,解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次,亦即:开头(引论)一本论(正文)→结尾(结论),也就是我们常说的“三段式结构”。
范例分析
Challenge Old Beliefs
There are many things in the world which are accepted as certain when they are not certain, and what an expert says or thinks must not be accepted or rejected hastily. The following example may help to make us less rigid in our beliefs.
When belium is cooled to very low temperature, it forms an astonishing liquid which does not appear to agree with the laws of gravity. It can go upwars. If it is put into a bottle which is open at the top, it empties itself out of the bottle; and if an open bottle is stood in this liqued, the liquid will move up the outer side of the bottle and run down inside it until the levels outside and inside are the same.
So anyone who is determined to advance science must have a capacity for original thought and for action based on that thought.
评析:
本文是三段式结构,用举例的方法进行论证。第一段提出论点,第二段举例加以论证,第三段得出令人信服的结论。本文论点明确,论据科学可靠,由此而得出的结论非常有说服力。
责任编辑:admin