以描写为主的作文称为描写文。

描写就是用生动形象的语言，把人物的状态、动作或景物的性质、特征具体地描绘出来。描写的主要作用是：(1）再现美丽的自然景色。(2)描写人物的外貌和内心世界。（3）交待人物活动的自然环境和社会环境。

描写的对象有：人物描写、景物描写和场面描写。

常用的描写方法：

(1) 速写：抓住描写对象的主要特征，简单几笔，勾勒出一个轮廓来。

(2) 细描：就是一笔一划地精雕细刻，像绘“工笔画”那样形象逼真地描述。

(3) 白描：不设喻，不用修饰的言词，朴实真切地描述出事物的特征。

(4) 间接描写：对某一事物不作直接描写，而是通过描写其它事物对它的印象、感受或者描写它在周围事物中所产生的反应，从侧面间接表现它的特征，这种方法也叫烘托法。

描写文的要求：

(1) 要有明确的目的，不能为描写而描写。描写应从表现主题、刻画人物出发，切勿随心所欲地堆砌词藻。

(2) 要突出特点。描写要有重点，有特点，要少而精。有重点才能给人留下深刻印象；有特点，才能形象鲜明；少而精，才能简洁生动。

(3) 要抓住事物的特征。事物是千变万化的，要想逼真地描绘出它的形态、状貌、情景，就必须抓住其独具的特征。

范例分析

My Teacher

My teacher is of medium height, wearing a pair of gilt-framed spectacles, showing that she has used her eyes so much that she has become shortsighted. Her forehead is wrinkled rather by deep thinking than by age. She often meets her students with a smiling face, though she is extremely serious while teaching them. Her leather shoes are black in color – always bright polished. Wherever and whenever she stands, her two feet never fail to put in a parallel position.

She is enthusiastic and skillful in teaching her students. In order to make them thoroughly understand what she teaches, she employs every means of teaching-repetition, comparison, and examples. She is also versed in drawing pictures. Sometimes we see her drawing a vivid and realistic house on the blackboard to explain how the house can be well described. Sometimes she draws a person or an animal in such a shape that I cannot but burst out laughing.

评析：

这是一篇描写人物的文章。在文章中，作者既描写了人物的外部特征，又描述了人物的性格。纵观全文，可以看出作者抓住了一般描写文的要领。即，第一要有明确的目的，第二要突出人物特点。

在本文的第一段中，作者从这位女教师的身材着手，然后刻意描绘了她的镀金近视眼镜和额头上的皱纹，刻划出了一位知识渊博、善于思考的女教师。然后作者从她的仪表、平时的笑脸和上课的严肃，以及标准的站姿，使我们从更深的层次了解了她：一位治学严谨的女教师。

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