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两个属于均指与商品的制造、销售以及提供某些服务相关的税收,有些词典曾将它们都译为“营业税”。但按我国新税法之规定,营业税只对劳务收入征收,对动产买卖所得征收的是增值税和消费税,故笔者认为“营业税”的译法欠妥,故建议考虑使用“销售税”对它们进行翻译。这两种销售税的区别在于sales tax是就几乎就所有商品销售征收之税,故其属于广义的销售税,应被译为“销售税”[1]。相比之下,excise (也称为excise tax、excise duty)却限制于特定的,一般不属于生活必需品范畴的商品的销售制造,最常见的为香烟、酒精和汽油等的销售,故其应被译为“特种商品销售税”。
sales tax可在销售每个环节征收,如在法国,商品每次易手均应交纳一次税费;而在美国则只使用一次,通常在商品零售环节征收。美国联邦政府不征收sales tax,其归各州和地方政府征收。如果买卖双方不在同一个州,商品在一州购买而在另一 州使用或储存,且购买该商品时没交或少交sales tax,买方则可能被征收“商品使用税”(use tax)。使用税的目的是为了平衡不同州所课处的销售税的差异,因此,使用税则可根据两州就同一商品征收销售税的差异进行调整。美国的excise tax则归属联邦政府和州政府税收体系双重管辖,美国联邦政府就60多种商品征收excise tax,此税的征收有利于调节消费。对于特种商品的销售,英国等也专门成立有“关税和特种商品销售税总署” (Customs and Excise Department)以管理相关税收事务。excise tax还有另外一种含义,及“特种商品销售特许税” 。
[1 ] "A flat percentage levy on the selling of an item. Sales taxes differ from excise taxes in that they are assessed on ail, or almost all,commodities. They can be levied at any level of distribution." Cf. Douglas Greenwald & Associates, The Concise McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Modern Economics, at p. 307,McGraw-Hill Book Company (1984).
[2]“Excise tax has two quite distinct meanings: (1 ) a tax imposed on specific
commodities that are produced, sold, or transported within a country, for example, liquor and tobacco;or (2) a tax imposed on a license to pursue a specified trade or occupation. " Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, A Dictionary of Modem Legal Usage, 2nd edition, at p. 336,Oxford Univercity Press (1995 ).