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在法律英语中,contempt为“藐视法庭罪”(也称为contempt of court),指故意不服从法庭命令或有意干扰法庭程序的行为[1]。藐视法庭罪一般分为两种,即“直接藐视” (direct contempt)和“推定巍视”(constructive contempt)(也称为“间接藐视”:indirect contempt [2]。直接藐视法庭是指在法庭上的言行冒犯,如咆哮公堂等,其也称为“刑事藐视”criminal contempt [3]。 (注意的是“刑事藐视”更多的是与civil contempt相对)。“推定藐视”或“间接藐视”法庭之行为主要指不执行或拒绝服从合法的裁决[4]。以往推定藐视也被称为consequential contempt,此术语现偶尔也还在使用[5]。
藐视法庭罪也可分类为“刑事藐视” (criminal contempt) (也称为“普通法上的藐视法庭罪” :common-law contempt)和“民事藐视”(civil contempt)两种[6]。刑事藐视是指不尊重法庭或阻挠审判工作的顺利进行[7];民事藐视是指拒不执行法院已生效的判决或命令[8]。
此外,contumacy也有藐视法庭的含义,其主要指拒不出庭或在法庭上不服从命令或指示,前者称为推定藐视法庭(行为) (presumed contumacy),后者称为事实上的親视法庭(行为) (actual contumacy)[9] 。
[1] " A judicial finding of willful disobedience of an order, or other willful disrupting the procedures of a court. Unless otherwise specified, contempt alone usually means contempt of court. ”Cf. James E. Clapp, Random House Webster's Dictionary of the Law,at p. 103, Random House (2000).
[2] " Contempts are, generally, of two kinds, direct and constructive. ”Cf. The Publisher's Editorial Staff, Black's Law Dictionary, abridged 6th edition, at p. 221,West Publishing Co. (1991).