● Hepatitis: Travel or meals in areas of poor sanitation, ingestion of contaminated water or foodstuffs (hepatitis A); parenteral or mucous membrane exposure to infectious body fluids such as blood, serum, semen, and saliva, especially through sexual contact with an infected partner or use of shared needles for injection drug use (hepatitis B); illicit injection drug use or blood transfusion (hepatitis C)

● Alcoholic hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis (screen patients carefully about alcohol use)

● Toxic liver damage from medications, industrial solvents, environmental toxins, or some anesthetic agents

● Gallbladder disease or surgery that may result in extrahepatic biliary obstruction

● Hereditary disorders in the Family History

责任编辑：admin