生态补偿制度是国家保护生态环境的重要举措。国家在青藏高原建立了重点生态功能区转移支付、森林生态效益补偿、草原生态保护补助奖励、湿地生态效益补偿等生态补偿机制。2008－2017年，中央财政分别下达青海、西藏两省区重点生态功能区转移支付资金162.89亿元和83.49亿元，补助范围涉及两省区77个重点生态县域和所有国家级禁止开发区。

　“十五”（2001－2005年）以来，西藏自治区获得国家下达的森林、草原、湿地、重点生态功能区等各类生态补偿资金累计达316亿元。其中，“十二五”（2011－2015年）期间，国家累计下达西藏草原生态保护补助奖励资金108.8亿元。2015年以来，自治区探索建立野生动物肇事补偿机制，投入8500万元帮助牧民减轻因野生动物肇事带来的损失。

The ecological compensation mechanism is an important step taken by the state to protect the environment. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, China has initiated a series of ecological compensation mechanisms, including transfer payments to key ecological function zones, forest ecological benefit compensation, grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward, and wetland ecological benefit compensation. In 2008-2017, the central government made transfer payments of RMB16.29 billion and RMB8.35 billion to the key ecological function zones in Qinghai and Tibet, covering 77 key counties and all areas prohibited to development by the state.

Since the 10th Five-year Plan period (2001-2005), Tibet Autonomous Region has received RMB31.6 billion in ecological compensation for its forests, grasslands, wetlands, and key ecological function zones. During the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015), the state paid a total of RMB10.9 billion to Tibet in grassland conservation subsidy and rewards. Since 2015, the autonomous region has been experimenting with a compensation program for damage caused by wildlife, mitigating herdsmen’s losses to a total amount of RMB85 million.

　　国家对青海省生态建设投入力度不断加大。2013年起，中央财政累计安排资金164亿元，陆续实施了草原、森林和湿地等生态效益补偿类项目。为实现生态保护和脱贫有机结合，青海省推出生态公益管护员制度，每年安排补助资金8.8亿元。“十二五”以来，青海省有62.23万户农牧民住房得到改善，162.4万人喝上洁净水，65万无电人口用上可靠电，人民生活水平得到较大改善。云南省迪庆州自2009年起实施公益林生态效益补偿制度，至2017年国家累计补助资金达11.03亿元。2017年，四川省甘孜州和阿坝州有效管护集体公益林分别为128.23万公顷和69.60万公顷，公益林森林生态效益年度补偿资金分别为2.84亿元和1.54亿元。

　　二、生态保育成效显著

Funds to encourage ecological progress in Qinghai Province have been increased. Since 2013, the central government has allotted a total of RMB16.4 billion in ecological compensation for grasslands, forests and wetlands in Qinghai. To integrate conservation and poverty reduction, Qinghai has initiated a public ranger program to monitor the environment, with an annual subsidy of RMB880 million. Since the 12th Five-year Plan period the state has helped 622,300 farming and herding households in Qinghai to obtain better housing, provided clean drinking water to 1.6 million people, and ensured reliable power access to 650,000 people. This represents a considerable improvement of quality of life. In Deqen Prefecture of Yunnan Province, an ecological compensation mechanism for public benefit forests has been in place since 2009, receiving a total of RMB1.1 billion in state subsidies by 2017. In 2017, Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province had 1,282,300 ha of public benefit forests under effective protection and received RMB284 million in ecological compensation; the corresponding figures for Aba Prefecture were 696,000 ha and RMB154 million.

II. Prominent Progress in Ecosystem Conservation

　　20世纪60年代以来，特别是90年代以来，中国政府在青藏高原部署了类型多样的生态保育工程，包括野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设、重点防护林体系建设、天然林资源保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、水土流失治理以及湿地保护与恢复等。西藏自治区实施了生态安全屏障保护与建设工程和“两江四河”（雅鲁藏布江、怒江、拉萨河、年楚河、雅砻河、狮泉河）流域造林绿化工程等。青海省实施了祁连山“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复工程、青海湖流域生态环境保护与综合治理工程、三江源生态保护和建设等重点生态工程。2011年，《青藏高原区域生态建设与环境保护规划（2011－2030年）》颁布实施。一系列生态建设工程的实施在生态保育方面取得了积极效果，生态系统退化的趋势得到控制，生物多样性持续恢复，一些重点生态工程区的生态功能全面好转。

Since the 1960s, and especially over the last three decades, the Chinese government has put in place various ecosystem conservation projects, including wildlife protection and nature reserve development, the construction of key shelter forests, natural forest conservation, returning farmland to forest and grassland, restoring grazing land to grassland, water and soil conservation, and wetland conservation and restoration. The Tibet Autonomous Region has implemented a project for the protection and construction of an eco-safety barrier, and a project for afforestation in the basins of the Yarlung Tsangpo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nyangchu, Yalong, and Shiquan rivers. Qinghai Province implemented a project for the conservation and restoration of the Qilian Mountain ecosystem, composed of mountains, rivers, forest, farmland, lakes, and grassland, a project for the conservation and comprehensive improvement of the Qinghai Lake ecosystem, and a project for the ecological conservation and construction of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve. In 2011, the Chinese government issued and implemented the Plan for Regional Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2011-2030). A number of eco-projects have been implemented, achieving positive results in ecosystem conservation, bringing under control the degradation of the local ecosystem, restoring the biodiversity, and the ecological functions of several regions where key eco-projects were implemented have been comprehensively improved.