- 签证留学 |
- 笔译 |
- 口译
- 求职 |
- 日/韩语 |
- 德语
为了阐释这些关系,我们以语段作事例来展开讨论。首先看培根《论读书》的开篇一段:
Studies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse ;and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.
读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最 见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其 长才也,最见于处世判事之际。(王佐良译)
引文中照应关系(如代词their与名词studies的照应),省略关系(如第—句后两个分句中their chief use )以及连接关系(如 and和分号的使用)是很明显的。而再看相应的优秀译文,这种形式接应在汉语中并不明显。由此可见,英汉语篇在第一大篇章特 征上就存在着差异。这种差异在汉译英时表现得尤为突出,下面 再以《狂人日记》的开篇一段为例:
某君昆仲,今隐其名,皆余昔曰在中学时良友;分隔多年,消息渐阙。日前闻其一大病;适归故乡,迂道往访,则仅晤一人,言病者其弟也。
这段相应的英语译文如下:
Two brothers, whose name I need not mention here,were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation of many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago, I happened to hear that one of them was seriously ill,and since I was going back to my old home,I broke my journey to call on them. I saw only one however,who told me that the invalid was his younger brother.
英语译文中下加横线的词语在原文中根本不存在对等语,这说明汉语无需种种形式接应的标记,照样言之达意。但是,英语如删去这些词语,就完全破坏了其形式连接,语篇就不再是完整的语篇,篇章性受到破坏,表意功能大损。
在很多情况下,汉语虽存在形式接应关系,但表现形式也有 所不同。就照应关系而言,英语靠代词的照应(见上述两例),而 汉语则靠重复以及省略来达到目的: