（一）破坏多边贸易规则和国际经济秩序

　　在走向文明的历史进程中，人类社会已普遍接受一套基于规则和信用的国际治理体系。各国无论大小强弱，均应相互尊重、平等对话，以契约精神共同维护国际规则，这对于促进全球贸易投资、促进全球经济增长具有基础性作用。然而，美国政府近期采取了一系列违背甚至破坏现行多边贸易规则的不当做法，严重损害了现行国际经济秩序。美国政府多次在公开场合抨击世界贸易组织规则及其运行机制，拒绝支持多边贸易体制，消极参与全球经济治理，造成2017年和2018年亚太经合组织贸易部长会议均未在支持多边贸易体制问题上达成一致立场。特别是美国政府不同意将“反对贸易保护主义”写入部长声明，遭到亚太经合组织其他成员一致反对。美国猛烈抨击世界贸易组织上诉机构，还数次阻挠上诉机构启动甄选程序，导致世界贸易组织上诉机构人员不足，争端解决机制濒临瘫痪。

1. Such measures undermine the multilateral trade rules and the international economic order

In the advance toward civilization, humanity has widely accepted an international governance system based on rules and credibility. Countries, big or small, strong or weak, should respect each other, engage in equal-footed dialogue and jointly safeguard international rules in the spirit of contract. This is fundamental to promoting global trade and investment and boosting global growth. However, the recent steps taken by the US administration that are contrary and even destructive to the existing multilateral trade rules seriously undermine the current international economic order. The US administration has issued open criticisms of the rules and operation mechanism of the WTO on various occasions. It has refused to endorse the multilateral trading system, and at the same time has adopted a negative attitude toward global economic governance, which caused the failure of the APEC Trade Ministers Meetings, in both 2017 and 2018, to reach consensus on supporting the multilateral trading system. In particular, the US administration’s objection to writing “opposition to trade protectionism” into the ministers’ statement was met with opposition from every other APEC member. The US lashed out at the WTO appellate body and repeatedly blocked the appointment procedures of the body, resulting in an understaffed appellate body and pushing the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism to the brink of paralysis.

　（二）阻碍国际贸易和全球经济复苏

　　随着全球化进程发展，各国经济基于经贸关系的相互关联度越来越高，贸易已成为全球经济增长的重要动力。根据世界银行统计，全球经济对贸易增长的依存度已从1960年的17.5%上升到2017年的51.9%（图13）。

　　图表：图13：全球经济对贸易的依存度（1960—2017年） 新华社发

　　当前，全球经济刚刚走出国际金融危机的阴影，回升态势并不稳固。美国政府大范围挑起贸易摩擦，阻碍国际贸易，势必会对世界经济复苏造成负面影响。为了遏制美国的贸易保护主义行为，其他国家不得不采取反制措施，这将导致全球经贸秩序紊乱，阻碍全球经济复苏，殃及世界各国企业和居民，使全球经济落入“衰退陷阱”（表6）。

1. Such measures obstruct world trade and the recovery of the global economy

As globalization moves forward, the economies of the world are increasingly connected through trade. Trade has become a major engine for global growth. According to the World Bank, the international economy’s dependence on trade rose from 17.5 percent in 1960 to 51.9 percent in 2017 (Chart 13). 

Chart 13: World Economy’s Dependence on Trade (1960-2017)

 The global economy has just emerged from the shadow of the 2008 global financial crisis and the recovery is yet to be solidly-based. In this context, the US administration’s actions to instigate large-scale trade frictions and impede the flow of world trade will undoubtedly affect the recovery of the global economy. In order to mitigate the protectionist moves of the US, countries are left with no choice but to take countermeasures. This will disrupt the world economic and trade order, and hold back global recovery, damaging the interests of companies and people of all countries and pushing the global economy back into recession (Table 6).