4) Contract Clauses
When the relative pronoun in a defining clause is in the objective case, it is often omitted, especially in spoken English. Clauses like these in which the relative pronouns are omitted, are sometimes called contract clauses. Sometimes the relative adverb can also be omitted. e.g.
The cruise (that) my mother took last winter greatly benefited her health.
Mechanical motion is the simplest form of motion (which) we meet with.
The first time (when) I was personally introduced to lightning, I was flying between Peurto Rico and the American continent.
II. Prepositional Phrases
The prepositional phrases are by far the most common type of postmodifier in English.
Prepostional phrases can often be related to relative clauses. e.g.
All passengers on board the ship had to pass a medical examination.
=All passengers who were on board the ship had to pass a medical examination.
参考译文
科技英语的语法特点:后置修饰语
后置修饰语出现在名词或名词短语后边,有以下几种:
1. 定语从句
2. 介词短语
3. 相当于定语从句的非限定分句(非限定动词)
4. 同位语从句
例:他的主要论点——科学定律没有例外——被认为是有问题的。
5. 时间、地点、方式和原因从句
例:地震把地球弄皱的时刻到了。(时间从句)在每一种作功的场合,都有两件事发生;1)力的作用;2)在该力作用下某物发生位移。(地点从句)这与你读书时眼睛移动的方式一样。(方式从句) 这就是运动物体具有能量的原因。(原因从句)
6. 副词
例:这里的条件很差。
7. 形容词
例:这台电机出了毛病。
在以上所有后置修饰语中,定语从句、非限定分句和介词短语是在科技英语作品中用得较多的。
I. 定语从句
定语从句是通过指向上文的成分(通常为关系代词)把其同主句的部分或整个主句联系起来的副句。定语从句的主要功用是用作名词或名词词组的后置修饰语,其中的关系代词指前面的先行词。
1) 限定性定语从句
请看下面的句子:
a.栽荷引起拉应力。b.载荷要把物体拉开。
如果这两句中的名词指的是同一个东西,那么,我们就可利用定语从句把它们结合成一个句子:
c. 要把物体拉开的栽荷引起拉应力。
在c句中,定语从句是整个句子意思的一个必要的组成部分,要是把它略去的话,句子的意思就不完整了。
“which”从句对先行词加以定义,陚予它确定的含义。这类从句即称为限定性定语从句。