青藏高原是亚洲多条主要江河的源头区，也是中国水资源管理和水环境保护最严格的区域之一。国家不断加大对青藏高原水环境保护力度，主要措施包括：编制重要水域综合规划，划定江河湖泊水功能区，明确水域功能和水质保护目标，核定重要江河湖泊水功能区纳污能力和限排总量，实行最严格的水资源管理制度。建立省（区）、地（市）、县（区）三级行政区考核指标体系，推进水生态环境保护与修复，保障青藏高原水生态环境安全。
“十二五”期间，国家投入253.12亿元，用于青藏高原农村饮水、水土保持、牧区水利等工程建设，解决了457.1万农牧民的饮水安全问题，并建成1400多座寺庙通水工程，保障了高氟、高砷、苦咸、污染水及局部严重缺水地区的饮水安全。2014年，国家投入4.78亿元，支持纳木错、羊卓雍错、克鲁克湖和黄河源湖泊群等湖泊流域的环境治理和生态修复。近年来，实施小流域生态综合治理、坡耕地水土流失综合整治等工程，新增水土流失治理面积1730平方公里。实施三江源、青海湖、祁连山生态保护等工程，每年向下游输送600亿立方米的优质水。目前，青藏高原主要江河湖泊基本处于天然状态，水质状况保持良好。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is where a number of Asia’s largest rivers see their headwaters; it is one of the regions under the strictest water resource management and water environment protection in China. The state has reinforced protection on the Plateau with a set of key measures including: compiling comprehensive planning for major water bodies, demarcating the functional zones of rivers and lakes, clearly defining the functions of water bodies and the goals of water quality protection, determining the pollution accommodating capacity of major rivers and lakes and the total volume of discharges allowed, and introducing a strictest system of water resource management. A system of assessment quotas has been established at three administrative levels – province (autonomous region), prefecture (city) and county (district) – as a measure to promote water environment protection and restoration and ensure the security of water ecology on the Plateau.
During the 12th Five-year Plan period, the state spent RMB25.31 billion on Plateau projects related to rural drinking water, water and soil conservation, and water conservation on pasture land, providing safe drinking water to 4.57 million farmers and herdsmen, and building water supply facilities for 1,400 monasteries. Drinking water is now safe in areas where local water has high fluoride and arsenide levels, tastes bitter and salty or is highly polluted, and in places that are seriously short of water. In 2014, the state invested RMB478 million in the environmental improvement and ecological restoration projects of Namco, Yamzho Yumco, Keluke Lake and the lakes at the source of the Yellow River. In recent years, a total of 1,730 sq km of land have been saved from soil erosion due to the effort invested in small river basin ecological improvement and hillside land soil conservation. Thanks to the ecological protection endeavors at the source of three large rivers, the Qinghai Lake and the Qilian Mountains, 60 billion cu m of quality water is supplied to downstream areas every year. At present, the major rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are basically in their original natural conditions with good water quality.
土壤功能有效提升
青藏高原是全球受污染最少的地区之一，土壤环境总体处于自然本底状态。土壤类型和重金属元素含量受控于成土母岩性质和气候条件，人类活动的影响较小。高原湖泊沉积物中铜、镍、铅等重金属元素含量低于人类活动频繁区湖泊沉积物。从耕地土壤来看，西藏大部分耕地土壤重金属元素含量优于国家一级土壤标准。
随着生态建设与环境保护相关措施的逐步实施，青藏高原土壤生态功能得到有效提升。近50年，中国草地土壤碳储量呈波动式增加趋势，其中青藏高原草地土壤碳储量的贡献最大（63.1%），高原高寒草地3米深的土壤无机碳库约占全国土壤无机碳库的70%。从水源涵养能力看，青藏高原年均水源涵养量达3450亿立方米。三江源生态保护与建设一期工程完成后，林草生态系统年均水源涵养量比工程实施前增加了15.60%；围栏封育等措施也促进了土壤有机碳、土壤水分、土壤微生物环境等性状改善。
Soil functions have been effectively enhanced.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the least polluted areas on earth, and the soil environment is overall in its original environmental background state. The soil types and the heavy metal element content are determined by the property of parent rocks and climatic conditions, and little impacted by human activities. The content of copper, nickel, lead and other heavy metals in the local lake deposits is lower than those of lake deposits in places more frequented by humans. The heavy metal content in the arable soils is lower than the national standards for soil of Grade I.
Along with the implementation of ecological and environmental protection measures, the ecological functions of the local soils have been effectively enhanced. Over the last 50 years, the carbon storage in China’s grassland soils has displayed a tendency of undulating increase, with the grasslands on the Plateau contributing the most (63.1 percent) and the inorganic carbon pool in the soils three meters under the alpine grasslands accounting for 70 percent of the national total. The annual water conservation volume is 345 billion cu m. Following the completion of phase I of the Sanjiangyuan ecological protection and construction project, the annual water conservation volume of the forest and grassland ecosystems has increased by 15.6 percent, and fencing the forests has also contributed to improvement in the organic carbon, moisture and micro-organics content in the soils.
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