由于汉语存在句的特性,也由于英语没有与之完全吻合的句子形式,因此,汉语存在句的英译有其特殊性,情况也比较复杂。这主要是因为,虽然英语也有与汉语存在句相似的句式,但是相比之下,汉语存在句范围要大得多,所以不同之处更多一些。这就需要译者用心体察汉英两种语言的异同,找出最合适的译法,作出创造性的努力,尽可能取得最完善的结果。
一、There+be结构,这是人们首先想到的句式,因为此结构与汉语存在句中的一些句子有某种吻合。实际上这种句子在英语里也称为存在句existential sentence。此外,这种句子还可使用其他动词,如appear,come,exist,go,rise,seem等表示“存在”、“出现”的词。There+be句式主要是用来译表示静态的存在句,原文的动词大多为 “有 ”、“是”、“没有”、“无”之类表示存在的词。例如:
(1)钢琴后面是落地的大玻璃窗。
There was a large window extending right down to the floor behind the piano.
(2)那座山正当顶上,有一座仙石。
There was on the top of that very mountain an immortal stone.
(3)现在恐怕没有这么多的天鹅,原因是人们有时捕猎和拣鹅蛋。
There aren't so many swans now, I am afraid, with the reason that people sometimes come here
hunting or picking swan eggs.
(4)山里住着个虔诚的老和尚。
In the mountain there lived an old devout monk.
(5)遥远的东方有一条龙,它的名字叫黄河。
There emerges a dragon in the orient afar, whose name is called the Yellow River.
(6)如今的楼兰古城只留下点点遗迹似乎在向人们诉说着遥远的故事。
At present, there only exist a few remains of the Ancient Loulan City, which seems to be telling the remote tales.
二、汉语存在句中可以使用的动词很多,显得丰富多彩。英语there+be句型则不同,可以使用的动词非常有限,只能用来译很小一部分汉语存在句。如果一味用这一句型来译存在句,原文的色彩便会丧失。可见,存在句不能都用there+be句子来译,而要在能充分表达原文意义的前提下使用,否则就应考虑使用其他种类的句型。英语里还有一种句子可称为存在句,其特点主要体现在动词上,也表示某处有某物(或某人)。例如:
(1)屋里一下子挤满了孩子。
The house is soon filled with children.
(2)那地方旅游的人成群结队。
The place is swarmed with tourists.
(3)春季,湖岸布满了繁星般的小花。
In spring, the banks of the lake are dotted with starry tiny flowers.
(4)天山终年积雪,但天山上的青松一年四季郁郁葱葱,一派生机盎然的景象。
The Tianshan Mountains is covered with snow all year round but pine trees grow green and lush, showing a sign of luxuriance.
(5)冬季,整个草原一片银色,那白桦树洁白的树干在明媚的阳光下显得分外妖娆。
In winter, the whole grassland is cloaked in white and the silvery trunks of birch trees look even more enchanting in shining sunlight.
(6)巴扎上各种土特产琳琅满目,叫卖声此起彼伏。
The bazaar teems with a dazzling array of local produce and native speciality, being echoed with fluctuating hawking.
(7)北京图书馆里还一直收藏着许多著名的书法作品。
There have been kept many known-well hand-writings in Beijing Library.
(8)天山南北绿洲棋布,阡陌纵横。
The whole region is studded with oases and crisscrossed by fields.
(9)每当问起自己的童年,我脑子里便浮起一层黄色。
Whenever I think of my childhood my head is filled with a yellow mist.
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