状语主要用来修饰动词,主要分为以下几类:时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、让步状语、目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语和伴随状语。在法律语言中常见时间状语、条件状语、方式状语和目的状语来规定对时间、条件、方式和目的的限制。
(一)时间状语
立法文本中常使用时间状语来说明条文规范的时间性限定。请看下列例句:
例1:不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭,依照法律规定应当登记的,自记载于不动产登记簿时发生效力。
参考译文:As regards the creation,alteration,alienation or termination of the real right of a realty, it shall go into effect since the date when it is recorded in the realty register in case the registration thereof is required by law.
译文分析:原文规定应登记的不动产的设立、变更、转让和消灭在登记时起发生效力,通过时间状语从句“自记载于不动产登记簿时”对效力发生的时间做了限定。这个时间状语从句可译为“since the date when it is recorded in the realty
register”。
例2:The Congress,whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary,shall propose amendments to this Constitution.
参考译文:举凡两院议员各以三分之二的多数认为必要时,国会应提出对本宪法的修正案。
译文分析:原文中使用“whenever”引导的时间状语从句来对主句中主语发出谓语动作的时机做出限定。
(二)条件状语
立法文本中常使用假设条件状语和例外条件状语来设定规范内容的条件。在假设条件状语从句中,经常使用引导词“if”、“where”、“when”和“in case”。在例外条件状语从句中常使用引导词“provided”、“except”和“unless”。请看以下例句:
例3:不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭,经依法登记,发生效力;未经登记,不发生效力,但法律另有规定的除外。
参考译文:Until it is registered in accordance with law,the creation,alteration, alienation or termination of the real right of a realty shall not come into effect; Unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law, it shall have no effect if it is not registered in accordance with law.
译文分析:原本包含两部分内容。第二部分内容可理解为“如果不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭未经登记,那么不发生效力”。可见,原文的假设条件强调“如果……”,因此我们应选择“if”作为译文条件状语从句的引导词,该部分可译为“it shall have no effect if it is not registered in accordance with law"。
例 4:Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provisions for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.
参考译文:如果合同已有效订立,但没有明示地规定价格,在没有任何相反表示的情况下,双方当事人应视为已默示引用订立合同时此种货物在有关贸易的类似情况下销售的通常价格。