引言是一篇论文正文的开始部分,简要介绍研究的背景和理由,说明研究的内容和目的。引言的要点如下:
(1) 说明本研究项目的背景、目前国内外对间类课题的研究现状、进展及尚待解决的何题;
(2) 与本项有关的论文和著作回顾及文献资料的来源(注明文献号)和收集方法;
(3) 本研究的起止日期、研究采用的方法、主要结果、提出开展本项研究的理由和意义;
(4) 作者对本研究已发表论文及其结论的介绍;
(5) 本研究的内容和目的、研究方法、实验设计、预期结果及价值。
当然,在实际写作过程中,作者可根据需要对上述内容有所取舍。引言的写作顺序通常是先介绍本研究的背景,然后说明研究的內容和目的。阐述研究日的应简明扼要,一般用一两个句子加以概括。引言一般为200~300词。
例一:
引言
幽门螺杆菌(Hp)被认为是成人慢性胃炎口最普遍的B型胃炎的主要病因。B型胃炎病变部位一般在胃窦和幽门;而A型胃炎是典型的自身免疫性胃炎,主要发生于胃底。现已发现,Hp阳性的慢性胃窦炎与十二指肠溃疡有密切关系,并能引起胃萎缩,后者系胃癌前兆。
环境因素如社会经济和教育状况,似乎与Hp感染的传播程度相关。拉丁美洲人和黑人的感染率始终高于白人。感染与教育水平呈负相关。
在人口密集的社区中,Hp的感染率和家庭成员间的Hp感染率离于普通人群。这可能是由于同一家庭中成员之间出现复发或再感染。此外,虽然大多数证据支持因拓殖而导致人与人之间的传播主要发生于儿童时期,但目前对于Hp的传播途径尚不清楚。在自然条件下,传播可以通过口ー口或粪一口途径,但没有明确证据显示哪种途径是主要途径。而且,两种途径在其它因素作用下可能相互关联。
对Hp感染在家庭内传播的研究,大多针对有症状儿童的父母和兄弟姐妹,而不是普通人群。为了避免这和可能出现的选择性偏差,我们研究了Dionysos人的部分群体,以评估父母感染Hp的儿童感染率是否高于父母未感染家庭的儿童。
Introduction
Helicobacier pylori is considered to be the main aetiological agent of the most common form of chronic gastritis in the adult population-type B gastritis. Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum and pylorus, whereas type A gastritis, the classic autoimmune gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus. H pylori positive chronic gastritis of the antrum has been found to be closely related to duodenal ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy. a precursor of gastric cancer.
Environmental factors, such as sociocconomic and educational state, seem to affect the prevalence of H pylori infection. Infection is consistently higher in Hispanic and black people than in white people and is inversely related to educational level.
The prevalence of H pylori infection is higher in close communities and in members of family groups than in the general population. This may be due to relapses or reinfections between members of the same family. Furthermore, the route of transmission of H pylori remains unknown, aithough most of the evidence supports person to person transmission with colonization occurring primarily in childhood. Under nalural circumstances trausmission could be by the oro-oral or faecal-oral routes, but no strong evidence exists to support either route as the primary one, and both may be relevant depending on other factors.
Most studies of transmission of H pylori infection within families have been conducted on parents and siblings of children referred for symptoms and not on the general population. To avoid this potential selection bias, we studied part of the population of the Dionysos cohorl sludy to assess whether children of H pylori infected parents had a higher infection rate than those from families with uninfected parents.
[BMJ.1999;319 :537-41]
这篇引言由4个自然段组成。第一段介绍该课题的研究、概况,第二、三段介绍研究内容及收集方法,第四段提出了开展本项研究的理由和意义。作者采用了综合概括性表达观点的方法。