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常用词careful与spoonful中含有一个来自英语单词full的派生后缀-ful。它可以加在名词后面构成形容词或名词。1) -ful充当形容词后缀时,读作/fəl/,它一般加在抽象名词后面,其主要 意思为full of〜(充满…的)。此外,又引申出showing (表现为 …的),having the qualities of 〜(具有…性质的),having the tendency of〜(易于…的),以及that can be of〜(可…的)。2)充当名词后缀时,-ful读作/fɔl/,它跟在表示容器、空间的名词之后,意为as much as a〜can hold (一…的容量)。
下面,我们用代表性词例来说明上述两种用法。
cheerful [cheer n. 高兴;-ful→]a. full of cheer; joyful; glad 快乐的;高兴的;振奋的/ She is a smiling cheerful girl. 她是个爱笑爱乐的姑娘。
careful [care n. 小心,关怀;-ful→]a. ① showing care; done with thought and effort 细心的;精心的;细致的 / Arithmetic requires careful work.做算术要细心运算。② full of care or concern 关心的,爱护的 / She was careful of the feelings of others. 她很注意体谅别人的感情。
harmful [harm n. 损害;-ful=>“having a tendeney to do harm 易于损害的”→]a. causing harm; injurious 有害的/ Irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. 盲目接受的真理可能比经过推理而犯下的错误更为有害。