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两个单词有时可相互交替使用。instrument虽然可等同document,指法律文据,如合同、文书等,但更主要却是指“票据”,即一种表示金钱所有权关系的“文据” (instrument is a document of title to money) [1]。在西方,票据分为两大类:汇票 (bill of exchange, or bill)和支票(cheque)(注:cheque 为英式英语,相应的美语则是check),我国票据法规定的基本类别则为:汇票、支票和本票(promissory note,也作note)。票据也可按其流通性质分为流通票据(negotiable instruments)和不流通票据(non-negotiable instruments)两种。前者如:promissory notes (本票),checks (支票),bill of exchanges (汇票),bank notes (银行券),treasury bills (短期国库券),bearer-bond (不记有担保名债券),bearer debentures (不记名无担保债券), share warrants (认股证书),bearer scrip certificate (持有人凭证),negotiable certificates of deposit (流通存款单),dividend warrants (红利支付单),interest warrants (利息支付单), banker's drafts (银行汇票),circular notes (定额流通旅行券); 后者如:letters of allot (认股分配书),postal orders (邮政汇票),money orders (汇款单),pension warrants (年金支付单), child benefit orders (儿童津贴付款单)等。有些票据,如旅行支票(travelers check),则有可流通旅行支票和不可流通旅行支票两种[2]。
相比较,尽管document的含义较广,可指任何记录信息或证明事实的文据,包括契据、协议、文件、信函、单据等以及与法律无关的其他文据[3],但并不常用于专门表示“票据”。
[1] Cf. The Publisher's Editorial Staff,Black's Law Dictionary, abridged 6th edition, at p. 550,West Publishing Co. (1991).
[2] 参如李荣甫、宋雷编:《法律英语教程》,法律出版社1999年版,第 184 页。
[3] "Document and instrument are similar in meaning, but document is slightly broader. Document refers to anything written,whereas instrument usually refers to a legal document with a specific legal import. " Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, A Dictionary of Modem Legal Usage, 2nd edition, at p. 289, Oxford University Press (1995).