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以上术语均用于指男女双方之间自愿发生的非法性行为。其中,fornication为“私通”,adultery为“通奸”。它们之间的区别主要在于前者是指未婚男女之间发生非法性行为[1];而后者则是指已婚男女之间发生的非法性行为按一般规定,如两个性行为者中一方未婚而另一方已婚,已婚者构成adultery, 未婚者则构成fornication [3]。但在美国,各州的法律就此还有一些不同规定。有些州适用罗马法或犹太法的规定,如果女方已婚,则双方均可定性为犯有adultery,如果女方未婚,不论男方婚否双方均不得定性为adultery;而在有些州,只要其中一方已婚,两人苟合即构成adultery [4]。就通奸而言,有的州还规定有 “双重通奸罪”(double adultery)和“单一通奸罪”(single adultery),前者是指两个已婚男女之间发生非法性行为,后者指其中一方是已婚而另一方是未婚的情况[5]。此外,尽管过去fornication 和adultery均可被视为是一种成文法而非不成文法犯罪, 但fornication却较轻,为一种轻罪(misdemeanor) [6],且一般均未真正执行。现在在多数司法管辖区,fornication和adultery已经不再被视为是犯罪,但与在“有权同意性行为年龄”(age of consent)年龄(多数州规定为16岁)以下的女方私通或通奸者则除外[7]。术语spouse-breach等同adultery,只是比adultery更为正式一些。
[1]“fornication: The crime of engaging in sexual intercourse while unmarried. " Cf, James E. Clapp, Random House Webster's Dictionary of the Law,at p. 191 , Random House (2000).
[2]“Voluntary sexual intercourse by a married person with someone other than that pereon's spouse. In a strict sense, only a married person can commit adultery. " Id. at pp. 17~18.
[3]“Further,if one of the persons be married and the other not, it is fornication on the part of the latter, though adultery for the former. ”Cf. The Publisher's Editorial Staff, Black's Law Dictionary, abridged 6th edition, at p. 451 , West Publishing Co. (1991 ).