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以上两者均有验尸人员之含义。coroner源于英格兰,指一公共官员,其可为医生、律师或其他司法人员,对因暴力或有疑义之突然死亡原因进行调查(whose duty is to investigate the causes and circumstances of any death that occurs suddenly, suspiciously ,or violently),以往几乎所有的词典均将coroner译为“验尸官”[1],此种翻译很不准确。首先,验尸必定包括解剖尸体等,其必定是法医或至少是医生的职责,但coroner多不是医生;其次,coroner的责任也决非只是检验尸体[2]。故笔者建议将其译为“死因调查员”(香港将其译为“死因裁判官”[3]),与其相应的coroner's court 也就应为“死因调查法庭”而非以往的“验尸官法庭”。medical examiner也为公共官员,负责对有疑点的死亡原因进行调查,包括决定是否必要和进行尸检等,故其才是“验尸体官”[4],美国很多州现已用后者替代了前者[5]。
[1] 参见《英汉法律词典》编委会编:《英汉法律词典》(修订版),法律出版社1999年版,第187页;陆谷孙编:《英汉大词典》,上海外文出版社1995年,第701页;陈庆柏等译:《英汉双解法律词典》,世界图书出版社1998年版,第134页;[英]维克M.沃克编:《牛津法律大辞典》,光明曰报出版社1983年版,第 211 页。
[2]“ A public officer whose principal duty is to inquire by an inquest into the cause of death when there is reason to think the death may not be due to natural causes. ” Cf. Linda Picard Wood, J. D.,Merriam Webster's Dictionary of Law, at p. 107 , Merriam-Webster, Incorporated (1996).
[3] 参见香港律政司编:《英汉法律词汇》(第三版),香港政府印务局1998年版,第222页。
[4] "A public officer who determines the necessity of and conducts autopsies to find the cause of death. " Cf. Linda Picard Wood, J. D. , Merriam Webster's Dictionary of Law, at p. 310,Merriam-Webster, Incorporated (1996).
[5] " Medical examiners have replaced coroners in many states. ”Cf. Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition, at p. 1996, West Group (1999).