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that也是一个很常用的词,它可以用作形容词、指示代词、关系代词、关系副词、从属连词、副词等,还可用在强调句中,其译法也颇有讲究。下面是that(其复数形式为those)用作指示代词是其主要用法之一,一般有以下几种情况。
(1)在句中单独使用,或作定语从句的先行词(一般用复数形式those),其作用相当于名词,代表人或物。一般可译为 “那”,“那些”,或视具体情况而定。例如:
1. That was long ago.
那是很久以前的事了。
2. What is that? That is an engine.
那是什么?那是一部发动机。
3. Those who associate with influenza patients are likely to be affected by droplet infection.
接触流感病人的人很可能通过飞沫受到感染。
4. Don't throw away all those which are unfit for use.
不要把那呰不适用的东西都扔掉。
(2)在句中和this相呼应,用来指较远的事物(this用来指较近的事物)。此时常把that译为“前者” (this译为后者)。例如:
5. Iron and aluminium are both metals,but this is much lighter than that.
铁和铝都是金属,但后者比前者轻得多
6. Rice and cotton are both vital to human life. From this we get our clothing, and, from that,our food.
粮食和棉花都是人的生活所必须的,前老为食,后者做衣。
(3)在句中用以代替上文已出现过的名词,以避免重复。名词为单数时用that,复数时用those,通常指物,极少指人。此时的that常有特指的性质,其后一般都有修饰语。翻译时,可把that重复译为它所代替的名词,或者简译为“…的”,根据上下文可以意会时也可减去不译。试看以下各例。
7. China'sattitude to tourism is different from that of some other countries in the world.
中国对旅游业的态度和世界上另外一些国家不同。