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英语动词的被动语态由Be +动词的过去分词构成。而汉语的动词则无词尾变化,所以要把英语被动句译为汉语被动句就需要采用汉语中某些可表示被动意义的词语。
1. 译成“被”字
对于某些特别强调被动动作或突出被动者的英语被动句,译成汉语被动句时可以在谓语动词前加译“被”字。例如;
例 1 Oncethe positions are identified, they can be suppressed by artillery prior to main assault.
阵地一旦被发现,就可能在主攻之前遭到炮火时轰击。
例 2 The virus is quickly killed upon exposure to the air.
这种病毒一接触空气就会迅速被杀死。
例 3 About three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
大约四分之三的地球表面被水复盖着。
例 4 All applicants were eliminated for one reason or another.
所有应试者都因某种原因而被淘汰。
例 5 Nightingale made such great contributions to medicine that her name was recorded in history.
南丁格尔对医学作出了巨大的贡献,她的名字已被栽入史册。
例 6 Radiation traditionally is used as a last resort for advanced cancer patients.
放射疗法通常被用作治疗晚期癌症的最后手段。
应当指出,虽然在全民汉语中“被”字句用得较少,但在科技汉语中为使表意准确而适当多用是可行的。
(二)译成“由”、“受”、“让”、“给”、“用”等
在不改变原文语序的情况下,有些英语被动句可译成由汉语介词“由、受、让、给”等表示的被动句。例如:
例 7 Everything on or near the surface of the earth is attracted by the earth.
地球上或地球附近的一切物体都受地球吸引。
例 8 Compounds cannot be separated by physical means.
化合物不能用物理方法分开。
例 9 People with allergic disease are particularly hard hit by cigarette smoke.
患过敏性疾病的人,特别容易受纸烟烟雾的危害。