建立市场配置资源制度。中国政府注重完善制度，强化监管，防止在公共资源配置、公共资产交易、公共产品生产领域出现腐败问题。在工程建设方面，加快建立统一规范的有形市场，完善招标投标法律制度，规范招标投标活动。在土地使用权出让方面，实施公开竞争出让建设用地使用权制度，对经营性用地通过招标、拍卖、挂牌的方式出让。2001年至2009年，招标拍卖挂牌出让国有土地面积占总出让面积比例由7.3％上升到85.3％。在产权交易方面，规定必须遵循等价有偿和公开、公平、公正、竞争的原则。在政府采购方面，实行以公开招标为主要方式的采购运行机制，2002年至2009年累计节约财政资金3000多亿元。在矿产资源开发方面，严格执行探矿权、采矿权招标拍卖挂牌出让规定，严肃查处矿产资源开发中的违法违纪行为。

六、依法依纪查处腐败案件

　　依法依纪查处腐败案件，是惩治腐败最直接最有效的手段。中国共产党和中国政府坚持在法律和纪律面前人人平等，严肃查处党员干部和国家工作人员中的腐败行为，保持惩治腐败的强劲势头。

Establishing a system of allocating resources by the market. The Chinese government prioritizes improving systems and tight-ening supervision and regulation to prevent corruption in allotment of public resources, trade of public assets and manufacturing of public products. With regard to construction projects, efforts have been made to speed up the establishment of an integrated and standardized tangible market, improve the legal regime to regulate bid invitation and bidding activities. In the grant of land-use rights, a system of open competition is being carried out to grant the right to use land for construction purposes, while land for commercial use is granted by way of bidding, auction, and for-sale notification. From 2001 to 2009, the area of state-owned land granted through bidding, auction and for-sale notification had increased from 7.3% to 85.3% of the total land area granted. In transaction of property rights, the government rules that the principles of compensation for equal value, openness, fairness, justice and competition must be observed. Regarding government procurement, an operation mechanism featuring mainly public bidding has been enforced, saving over 300 billion yuan of fiscal funds from 2002 to 2009. In the area of mineral resources development, the regulations for bid-ding, auction or for-sale notification concerning the grant of the rights to prospect and exploit mineral resources have been imple-mented rigorously, and any acts going against law and discipline in mineral resources development are to be investigated and punished seriously.

VI. Handling Cases of Corruption in Accordance with Law and Discipline

It is a most direct and effective means to combat corruption by investigating and dealing with cases of corruption in accordance with law and discipline. Upholding the principle that everyone is equal before the law and discipline, the CPC and the Chinese gov-ernment are serious in dealing with corruption among cadres who are Party members and state functionaries, maintaining a stern momentum in the checking of corruption. 

　　中国针对不同时期腐败现象发生的特点，确定查办案件的重点。20世纪80年代，重点打击严重经济犯罪活动和利用价格“双轨制”非法倒买倒卖行为。20世纪90年代，以查办党政领导机关、行政执法机关、司法机关、经济管理部门和县(处)级以上领导干部的违法违纪案件为重点，着重查处贪污贿赂、挪用公款、失职渎职、贪赃枉法、腐化堕落等方面的案件，加大对金融、房地产、工程建设等领域案件的查处力度。进入21世纪，在继续坚持查处以上重点案件的同时，着重查办领导干部利用人事权、司法权、行政审批权、行政执法权等搞官商勾结、权钱交易、索贿受贿的案件，为黑恶势力充当“保护伞”的案件，严重侵害群众利益的案件，群体性事件和重大责任事故背后的腐败案件。

　　中国共产党纪律检查机关和政府监察机关始终坚持依法依纪查办腐败案件，做到事实清楚、证据确凿、定性准确、处理恰当、手续完备、程序合法。严格规范举报、受理、初核、立案、调查、审理、处分、执行、案件监督管理等各个环节，坚持文明规范办案，保障被调查人员的人身权、财产权、申辩权、申诉权和知情权等合法权益。

China has prioritized cases of corruption to be investigated and handled in reponse to the different characteristics of corruption phenomena in different periods. In the 1980s, the crackdown was mainly aimed at serious economic crimes and speculative buying and selling by taking advantage of the double-track price system. In the 1990s, the focus was shifted to breaches of the law and dis-cipline by Party and government leading organizations, administra-tive and law-enforcement departments, judicial organs, economic management departments, and leading cadres above the county (division) level. The emphasis was placed on investigating and dealing with cases of embezzlement, misappropriation of public funds, negligence and dereliction of duty, taking bribes and bend-ing the law, and other official misbehavior and degeneration, and efforts were strengthened to investigate and deal with cases of cor-ruption in the fields of finance, real estate and engineering con-struction. In the 21st century, while making continuous efforts to handle cases in the above-mentioned aspects, the focus has been shifted to investigating and dealing with cases in which leading cadres take advantage of their control over personnel affairs, judi-cial powers, right to administrative examination and approval, and right to administrative law enforcement to act in collusion with lawbreaking businessmen, trade power for money, and solicit and take bribes, cases in which leading cadres provide protective shield for underworld and evil forces, and cases of serious infringement on the interests of the people, and cases of corruption that cause mass disturbances and major accidents due to negligence. 

The CPC’s organs for discipline inspection and the govern-ment’s supervisory departments have all along persisted in investi-gating and dealing with cases of corruption in accordance with the law and discipline, making efforts to ensure that the facts are clear, the evidence is irrefutable, the verdict is correct, the handling is appropriate, formalities are complete and the procedure is lawful. All the links have been strictly regulated, including reporting, ac-ceptance of a complaint, preliminary examination, filing a case, investigation, trial, punishment, execution of punishment, and su-pervision and management of a case. The principle of handling all cases in a civilized and standard manner is upheld to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of those who are under investigation, including the right of person, property right, right to defense, right of appeal and right to know.