制定非法证据的排除规则。2012年修改的刑事诉讼法明确规定，采用刑讯逼供等非法方法收集的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人供述和采用暴力、威胁等非法方法收集的证人证言、被害人陈述，应当予以排除；收集物证、书证不符合法定程序，可能严重影响司法公正，不能补正或者作出合理解释的，应当予以排除，并明确了非法证据排除的具体程序。公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院在侦查、审查起诉和审判阶段发现有应当排除的非法证据的，都应当予以排除。

　　完善拘留、逮捕后送押和讯问制度。拘留后应当立即将被拘留人送看守所羁押，至迟不得超过24小时。逮捕后应当立即将被逮捕人送看守所羁押；侦查人员对被羁押人的讯问应当在看守所内进行。结合司法机关执法信息化建设，在讯问、羁押、庭审、监管场所实行录音录像。全面推行侦查讯问过程录音录像制度，明确规定对可能判处无期徒刑、死刑的案件或者其他重大犯罪案件，讯问过程必须进行录音录像；录音或者录像应当全程进行，保持完整性。

Excluding illegally obtained evidence. The Criminal Procedure Law amended in 2012 makes it clear that confessions by a suspect or a defendant obtained through extortion or other illegal means and witness's testimony and victim's statements obtained through the use of violence, threats or other illegal means should be excluded from evidence. If physical or documentary evidence is collected in ways violating legal procedures and severely affecting judicial justice, such evidence should be excluded if no correction or justification is provided. It also stipulates the specific procedure for exclusion of such evidence. Once evidence that should be excluded is found by public security organs, people's procuratorates or people's courts during the course of investigation, prosecution review or trial, such evidence should be excluded in accordance with the law.

Improving the system of detention, taking a person into custody after arrest, and interrogation. A person who has been detained must be sent to a house of detention within 24 hours. When a person is arrested, he/she must be taken into custody immediately in a house of detention, where the interrogation shall be conducted. With advances in the IT-based law enforcement by judicial organs, interrogation, detention, court trials and activities happening in places of custody are recorded and video taped. The practice of recording and videotaping investigation and questioning processes is widely adopted. The law explicitly states that for crimes punishable by life imprisonment or death and other serious crimes, audio or video recording of the interrogation process is mandatory. The audio or video recording should cover the entire process of the questioning and should be complete.

　　（二）保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的辩护权

　　为落实中国宪法规定的辩护权而建立的辩护制度，是中国刑事诉讼的一项基本制度，体现了国家对生命、自由等人权的尊重。近年来，中国改革和完善辩护制度，改变过去司法实践中“重打击、轻保护”的观念，积极发挥辩护制度保障人权的作用。

　　保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人及时获得辩护。中国1979年制定的刑事诉讼法规定，被告人在法院审判阶段才有权委托辩护人。1996年修改的刑事诉讼法明确规定，犯罪嫌疑人在侦查阶段就可以聘请律师提供法律帮助，案件侦查终结移送检察机关后有权委托辩护人。2012年修改的刑事诉讼法进一步明确规定，犯罪嫌疑人自被侦查机关第一次讯问或者被采取强制措施之日起，有权委托辩护人，被告人有权随时委托辩护人。犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在押期间要求委托辩护人的，人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关应当及时转达其要求，犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的监护人、近亲属也可以代为委托辩护人。

2. Protecting the Right to Defense of Suspects and Defendants

The system of advocacy set up for implementing the right to defense as stipulated in China's Constitution is a basic system in China's criminal litigation. It demonstrates the respect of the state for human rights such as those to life and freedom. In recent years, China has been reforming and improving its system of advocacy, aiming to change the old conception of "stressing fighting crimes, but ignoring human rights protection" in judicial practice, and make the system of advocacy play its due role in human rights protection.

Ensuring timely defense. The Criminal Procedure Law of 1979 stated that a defendant is not entitled to appoint a defender until he/she is undergoing court trial. The amended version in 1996 stipulated that a criminal suspect is entitled to hire an attorney for legal assistance during the investigation period, and appoint a defender when the case is handed over to a prosecution organ when the investigation is concluded. And the newly amended Criminal Procedure Law of 2012 went further to specify that a criminal suspect has the right to appoint a defender at any time as of the date when he/she is interrogated for the first time or from the day on which compulsory measures are adopted against him/her. A defendant is entitled to hire a defender any time he/she wants. If a criminal suspect or defendant in custody requests the appointment of a defender, the people's court, the people's procuratorate or the public security organ should convey the message promptly, and a defender may also be appointed by his/her guardian or a close relative on his/her behalf.