5.The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate　　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4) 

铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差；而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。 

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词 

解释：本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子：句子的结构谈不上复杂，所用单词也不难，但是除非读者有理工科的科研（最好是材料科学的科研）背景，否则句子虽然能够得读下来，但是却搞不清句子说的是什么意思。首先，句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见，但是在理科文章中出现，就有了专有名词的意味，同时还带有很抽象的学术含义，笔者称之为专业抽象词，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。认识这些单词，并不意味着懂得它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说measurement error，大家都可以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误差，但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和毛病，而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此，本句话的真实含义也难以理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实，而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢？其实variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是这些不同variations是真正有意义的不同，而不是试验的误差；那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同，相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同，就意味着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。 

意群训练：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate　　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.◎

6.More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. （3+） 

更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装 

解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。

意群训练：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds. 

7.A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+） 

一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 

解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。

意群训练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

8.It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4） 

现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：本句的句子既长，专有名词又多，从句层出不穷，故而难懂。在本句中出现的专有名词中，除了silicates硅酸盐这个单词常常出现于理科文章中，需要记忆之外，其他单词阅读现场简单处理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物质；garnet作首字母提炼叫g:crystallography只要能从词头推出这个单词与晶体有关即可。

意群训练：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 

9.Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+） 

即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机构地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词

解释：本句实际上是由and连接的两个句子，阅读的一个难度在于，and之后省略了they(此处指前面的主语the radical critiques，)而are thus able to 又与前面离得太远，使读者难以找到主语。

另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D当中的A、B、C，全部既长又抽象，理解起来较为困难。

意群训练：Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

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