遣词用字，恰如其分
2015-06-02 14:56:44 etogether.net 网络 次
考题实例：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. （2001）将来完成时 被动语态
72．儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就到来了。
1．英汉词字对应关系
1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词，技术词汇等，如:
Marxism = 马克思主义
Aspirin ＝ 阿斯匹林
激光 = laser
白血病 = leukemia
2）多种同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，但色彩意义不同的对应词，如：
wife： 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人……
president: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长……
3）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词，如：
cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿…...
carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..
4）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生，也即是一组词义相近的词，根据不同的上下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个，如英语中的say, speak, talk, tell与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系：
5）无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的对应关系。
teenager: 十三至十九岁的青少年 （解释）
prey: 被捕食的动物（解释）
hacker黑客
2．词义辨析
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲，词典给出的词义解释五花八门，无从定夺。在这样的情况下，我们可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含义
1) 根据构词法辨别词义
我们可以根据词的前后缀，词根、词干来辨析词义；如:
miniultrasonicprober = mini （微型的）+ ultra（超） +sonic （声音的）+prober（探测器）；即：微型超声波金属探伤仪
macrospacetransship = macro（巨型的）+ space （太空）+ trans （转运）+ ship （船）； 即： 巨型空间转运飞船
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis ＝ pneumono (肺的) +ultra (超) + micro (微) + scopic- (观察仪器的) + silico (硅的)+ volcano（火山的）+ coni- (尘埃) + osis (病症)；即：硅酸盐沉着病，矽肺病（一种矿工易染的病）
2) 根据指代关系辨别词义
我们可以根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义；如:
(1) He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.
他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。
(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或: 因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)
3) 根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义
语境分析是翻译的重要手段，没有一定的上下文，翻译就无从着手。如下面一例：
Tension is building up.
根据不同上下文的具体情况，我们可分别将其译作：
(1) 形势紧张起来。
(2) 张力在增大。
(3) 电压在增加。
(4) 压力在增强。
(5) 血压在增高。
(6) ……......
再如story一词的翻译：
(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.
(2) It is quite another story now.
(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.
(4) He‘ll be very happy if that story holds up.
(5) The girl’s story is one of the saddest.
(6) A young man came to Scotti‘s office with a story.
(7) …, but officials refused to confirm the story.
(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.
在不同的上下文中， 以上8个story在各句中分别具有8种不同的含义： (1) 事件; (2)情况; (3) 内部信息; (4)说法; (5) 遭遇; (6) 案子; (7) 消息; (8) 报道。因此以上各句可分别译作:
(1) 这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。
(2) 现在的情况完全不同了。
(3) 有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4) 如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。
(5) 那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。
(6) 一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
(7) 但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。
(8) 报道中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。
4) 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义
(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.
车床应安装在坚实的底座上。 （机械）
(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。 （化学）
(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.
晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。（电子）
(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.
AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）
(5) The weary troops marched back to the base.
疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。（军事）
(6) He is on the second base.
他在二垒。（体育）
练习
一、根据词语搭配辨析词义。以常见的形容词good为例：
1. good saying名2. 言
3. good boy乖孩子
4. good child孝
5. good contract有效的合同6.
7. good debt有把握收回的债
8. good eggs新鲜的鸡蛋
9. good eyesight正常的视力
10. good father慈父
11. good features漂亮的相貌
12. good friend挚友
13. good friend益友
14. good idea妙计
15. good investment可靠的投资
16. good joke有趣的笑话
17. good looks美貌
18. good luck鸿运
19. good manners得体的举止
20. good match佳偶、劲敌
21. good mother良母
22. good neighbor睦邻
23. good reason充足的理由
24. good soil肥沃的土地
25. good teacher良师
26. good wife贤妻
二、根据上下文翻译develop一词：
1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障)
2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)
3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷针)
4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出论断)
5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (提出理论)
6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)
7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)
8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病)
9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.(开发资源)
10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)
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