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该术语(也称为 inchoate crime, anticipatory offense, preliminary crime)为“初始罪”,是英美法系刑法中犯罪的一种分类。意思是“incipient crime”,指可导致其他犯罪行为发生,而其本 身也属犯罪之行为,其外延大于“犯罪预备”[1]。以assault而言,因为其用意是企图致使殴打罪(battery)的发生,故可被视为是“初始殴打罪”(inchoate battery),而assault本身又是一种犯罪行为(暴力胁迫罪)。一般说来,“初始罪”包括“煽动罪”(incitement)、“企图犯罪罪”(attempt,也称为 criminal attempt) 、 “密谋犯罪罪”(conspiracy)、“教唆” (solicitation) 等(后三种是美国《示范刑法典》所规定的初始罪),它只要求有初始犯罪行为,而不需要是否有实质性犯罪结果。大陆法系中一般无“初始罪”之分。如我国刑法中虽有“杀人未遂” (unaccomplished murder,指未遂之杀人罪),却无“杀人未遂 罪”(inchoate murder),故只能将“杀人未遂”归于“杀人罪” 范畴处理,即根据其某些犯罪阶段未完全实施而酌情予以“杀人罪”从轻处罚。在英美法系中,attempted murder本身便是单 独的犯罪,为criminal attempt,属于inchoate offences的范畴,应 译为“企图谋杀罪”或“谋杀企图罪”,其定义为:a notifiable offence of trying to murder someone [2],将其译为“谋杀未遂”则有悖于其本意。需要注意的是我们最好不要片面理解inchoate offences的含义,而将其按以往有些人的作法而将其译为“犯罪未 遂”或“未完成之罪”[3](未完成之罪应为:unaccomplished offences), 事实上,该术语中的inchoate除有“未完成” (unaccomplished) 的含义外,还有“前期或初始” (incipient)的意思。以“企图犯罪罪”(而非“未遂”)为例:attempt: the crime of having the intent to commit and taking action in an effort to commit a crime that fails or is prevented, called also criminal attempt [4],我们便知道,只要犯罪人有企图并有前期准备行为,单就inchoate offences这个“初始”犯罪行为而言,其应当已经实施并完成了该罪名所规定的行为,如果说是“未完成”,则应指罪犯企图并准备实施的“初始罪”之外的另一桩犯罪,即上文中的“a crime” 而非 “the crime”。
[1]“An incipient crime which generally leads to another crime. An assault has been referred to as an inchoate battery,though the assault is a crime in and of itself. The Model Penal Code classified attempts, solicitation,and conspiracy as such. ” Cf. The Publishers Editorial Staff, Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edition, at p. 523, West Publishing Co.
(1991).
[2] Cf. P. H. Collin, Dictionary of Law, 2nd edition, at p. 38, Peter Collin Publishing Ltd. (1993).
[3] 参见陈庆柏等译:《英汉双解法律词典》,世界图书出版公司1998年版, 第273页;《英汉法律词典》编委组编:《英汉法律词典》(修订版),法律出版社1999年版,第383页。
[4] Cf. Linda Picard Wood, J. D.,Meniam Webster's Dictionary of Law, at p. 38, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated (1996).