● Postmenopausal status in women

● Age ≥50 years

● Prior fragility fracture

● Low body mass index

● Low dietary calcium

● Vitamin D deficiency

● Tobacco and excessive alcohol use

● Immobilization

● Inadequate physical activity

● Osteoporosis in a first-degree relative, particularly with history of fragility fracture

● Clinical conditions such as thyrotoxicosis, celiac sprue, IBD, cirrhosis, chronic renal disease, organ transplantation, diabetes, HIV, hypogonadism, multiple myeloma, anorexia nervosa, and rheumatologic and autoimmune disorders

● Medications such as oral and high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, anticoagulants (long-term use), aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer, methotrexate, selected antiseizure medications, immunosuppressive agents, proton-pump inhibitors (long-term use), and antigonadal therapy for prostate cancer

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