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英译汉时,如有讨能要把后置的定语前移,使之符合汉语的句式,即向左扩展,例如:
① There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the aerospace.
在太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。
② Only those with a doctor's degree are eligible to apply for the position.
只有具有博士学位的人才有资格申请这个职位。
③ However,I think that any thoughtful scholar who takes the trouble to go through the source notes at the end of this volume will find that the essential facts of the story which I have told come from written diaries, memoranda and memories.
然而,我想任何一位认真阅读书后面材料来源注释的细心学者都会发现,我所讲述的历史的基本事实来源于书面日记、备忘录和回忆录。
④There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep path have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.
在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦,沿着陡峭的路攀登的人,才有希望达到光辉的顶点。
如以上例句所示,不仅定语从句可以前置,定语短语也可采取这种译法,以使修饰关系清晰,句子结构紧凑。同时,英语的状语在译成汉语时也需前移,以变结构上的头轻脚重为头重脚轻。
⑤ He went to stay in the country for a day or two every month last year.
他去年每月到乡下去住一两天。
汉语复句里接二连三地出现动词,从形式上看,它们是平等的,没有主从偏正之分;但是从逻辑上分析,它们之间是有差别的。在译成英语时,主句用限定式动词,分句可用V-ing短语表达,这也是利用了英语向右扩展的特点,使句子头轻脚重,达到平衡。例如:
⑥家家房顶上都安装了供沐浴用的太阳能热水器。
A solar heater is installed on the roof of every house, providing warm water for the shower.