美国为强化制造业在全球的领导者地位，近年来研究制定了一大批产业政策。进入新世纪后，特别是国际金融危机爆发后的近十年来，美国出台了一系列产业政策，其中包括《重振美国制造业框架》（2009）、《美国制造业促进法案》（2010）、《先进制造业伙伴计划》（2011）、《美国制造业复兴——促进增长的4大目标》（2011）、《先进制造业国家战略计划》（2012）、《美国创新战略》（2011）、《美国制造业创新网络：初步设计》（2013）等等，针对重点领域研究制定了《电网现代化计划》（2011）、《美国清洁能源制造计划》（2013）、《从互联网到机器人——美国机器人路线图》（2013）、《金属增材制造（3D打印）技术标准路线图》（2013）、《美国人工智能研究与发展战略计划》（2016）、《美国机器智能国家战略》（2018）等。这些政策提出要调整优化政府投资，加大对制造业投资的力度；加强政府对商品的采购；为出口企业提供信贷支持，拓展国际市场；资助制造业重点领域创新等具体措施。

To strengthen its global leadership in manufacturing, the US has in recent years formulated a large number of industrial policies. In the 21st century, and in particular over the decade since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the US has introduced a number of industrial policies including A Framework for Revitalizing American Manufacturing (2009),  the United States Manufacturing Enhancement Act of 2010,  the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (2011), A Manufacturing Renaissance: Four Goals for Economic Growth (2011), A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing (2012), A Strategy for American Innovation (2011) and the National Network of Manufacturing Innovation: A Preliminary Design (2013).  Such plans are also made for key areas such as the Grid Modernization Initiative (2011), the Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative (2013), A Roadmap for U.S. Robotics – From Internet to Robotics (2013),  the Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing (2013),  the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (2016)  and A National Machine Intelligence Strategy for the United States (2018). 

These policies include, among others, specific measures to adjust and improve government investment to scale up input in manufacturing, to increase government procurement of certain products, to provide credit support to export companies to expand global market, and to fund innovation in key areas of manufacturing. 

　　美国在制定推行产业政策的同时，却对他国正常的产业政策横加责难。联合国贸易和发展会议发布的《世界投资报告2018》指出，为应对新工业革命的机遇与挑战，在过去十年中，发达国家和发展中国家至少有101个经济体（占全球GDP的90%以上）出台了正式的产业发展战略。《中国制造2025》也是在这样的背景下，借鉴了美国的《先进制造业国家战略计划》、《美国创新战略》等政策文件，结合中国实际制定出台的。《中国制造2025》是一个引导性、愿景性的文件，也是一个坚持市场主导、开放包容的发展规划。中国政府一直强调《中国制造2025》是一个开放的体系，对内资外资具有普遍适用性。中国领导人在多个场合表示，欢迎外国企业参与《中国制造2025》。2017年发布的《国务院关于扩大对外开放积极利用外资若干措施的通知》明确提出，外商投资企业和内资企业同等适用于《中国制造2025》政策。文件制定过程中，中国严格遵循世界贸易组织规定，确保相关政策合规透明、公平无歧视。《中国制造2025》实施以来，包括美国企业在内的许多外国企业均已参与到相关的建设项目中来。

While formulating and promoting its own industrial policies, the US has made unwarranted accusations against other countries’ justified industrial policies. The UNCTAD World Investment Report 2018 pointed out that responding to the opportunities and challenges associated with a new industrial revolution, at least 101 economies across the developed and developing world (accounting for more than 90 percent of global GDP) have adopted formal industrial development strategies over the past 10 years. It was against this backdrop, inspired by US policy papers such as A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing and A Strategy for American Innovation, and based on its own national conditions, that China formulated its Made in China 2025 program. 

Made in China 2025 is an introductory paper describing a vision, and a market-centered, open and inclusive blueprint for development. The Chinese government has maintained that Made in China 2025 is an open system that is applicable to both domestic and foreign investment. Chinese leaders have stated on several occasions that China welcomes foreign companies to participate in Made in China 2025. China’s State Council released a notice in 2017 on measures to expand opening up and actively utilize foreign investment, which made clear that Made in China 2025 policies apply equally to foreign-invested companies and Chinese companies. The paper was formulated in strict accordance with WTO rules to ensure the relevant policies are legitimate, transparent, fair and non-discriminatory in nature. Many foreign enterprises, including US companies, have participated in programs under Made in China 2025 since its implementation.