美国国际贸易委员会的统计数据显示，截至2018年7月17日，美国仍在生效的反倾销和反补贴措施共有44项（图11），其中58%是2008年金融危机以来新采取的“双反”措施，主要针对中国、欧盟和日本。

　　图表：图11：2008年以来美国采取的反倾销和反补贴措施数目 新华社发

　　在反倾销调查中，美国拒不履行《中国加入世贸组织议定书》第15条约定的义务，继续依据其国内法，对中国适用“替代国”做法。根据美国国会问责局的测算，被认定为市场经济的国家所适用的反倾销税率明显低于非市场经济国家。一般来说，美国对中国的反倾销税平均税率是98%，而对市场经济国家的平均税率为37%。2018年以来，美国作出18项涉及中国产品的裁决，其中14项税率都在100%以上。此外，美国在替代国的选择上也具有较大随意性。中国出口商在美国的倾销调查中受到严重不公正和歧视性对待。

According to the United States International Trade Commission, by July 17, 2018 there were 44 anti-dumping and countervailing measures in effect in the US (Chart 11), among which 58 percent were adopted after the 2008 financial crisis, with China, the EU and Japan as the main targets. 

Chart 11: Number of US Anti-dumping and Countervailing Measures Since 2008

 Source: United States International Trade Commission

In anti-dumping investigations, the US has refused to honor its obligation under Article 15 of China’s WTO Accession Protocol and continued to use the surrogate-country approach, citing its domestic law. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the US Congress calculated that the rates of anti-dumping duties applied to countries recognized as market economies are notably lower than those applied to non-market economies (NMEs). The average anti-dumping duty imposed by the US on China is 98 percent, while that on market economies is 37 percent.  Among the 18 US rulings concerning Chinese products since the start of 2018, 14 had rates of more than 100 percent. Moreover, the US picks surrogate countries rather randomly,  making the results of anti-dumping investigations highly unfair and discriminatory for Chinese exporters. 

　　四、美国政府的贸易霸凌主义行为

　　美国作为二战结束后国际经济秩序和多边贸易体制的主要建立者和参与者，本应带头遵守多边贸易规则，在世界贸易组织框架下通过争端解决机制妥善处理与其他成员国之间的贸易摩擦，这也是美国政府曾经向国际社会作出的明确承诺。但是，美国新政府上任以来，片面强调“美国优先”，奉行单边主义和经济霸权主义，背弃国际承诺，四面出击挑起国际贸易摩擦，不仅损害了中国和其他国家利益，更损害了美国自身国际形象，动摇了全球多边贸易体制根基，最终必将损害美国长远利益。

IV. The trade bullyism practices of the US administration

As the key builder of the international economic order and a major participant in the multilateral trading regime after the Second World War, the US should have taken the lead in observing multilateral trade rules and properly handling trade frictions with other WTO members through the dispute settlement system within the WTO framework. This is what the US government explicitly pledged to the international community. However, since taking office, with a narrow focus on “America First”, the new US administration has practiced unilateralism and economic hegemony, abandoned its international commitments, and provoked international trade friction around the world. This has not only undermined the interests of China and other countries, but also jeopardized the international reputation of the US itself. And above all, it has shaken the foundations of the global multilateral trading regime, which will ultimately hurt the long-term interests of the US.