对多国产品开展“201调查”。2017年5月，美国依据本国《1974年贸易法》，对进口洗衣机和光伏产品发起“201调查”，并在2018年1月决定对前者征收为期3年、税率最高达50%的关税，对后者征收为期4年、税率最高达30%的关税。这是2001年以来美国首次发起“201调查”。作为美国进口洗衣机的主要来源，韩国已于5月向世界贸易组织提起磋商请求，并宣布将中止对美国部分产品的关税减让措施，以回应美国对韩国产品征税的做法。2018年8月14日，中国将美国光伏产品201措施诉诸世界贸易组织争端解决机制。

The US has conducted Section 201 investigations against products of multiple countries. In May 2017, on the basis of its Trade Act of 1974, the US initiated Section 201 investigations  on imported washing machines and photovoltaic products. In January 2018, it decided to impose a maximum of 50 percent tariffs for three years on washing machines and a maximum of 30 percent tariffs for four years on photovoltaic products. These were the first Section 201 investigations initiated by the US since 2001. As a major source of washing machines imports to the US, the ROK submitted a request for consultations to the WTO in May and announced that it would suspend tariff concessions on some US products as a response to the US imposition of tariffs on its products. On August 14, 2018, China resorted to the WTO dispute settlement system over the Section 201 measures on photovoltaic products.

　　对中国开展“301调查”。2017年8月，美国依据本国《1974年贸易法》，对中国发起“301调查”，并在2018年7月和8月分两批对从中国进口的500亿美元商品加征25%关税，此后还不断升级关税措施，2018年9月24日起，又对2000亿中国输美产品征收10%的关税。“301调查”是基于美国国内法相关条款开展的贸易调查，衡量并要求其他国家接受美国的知识产权标准和市场准入要求，否则就采取报复性的贸易制裁手段，早在上世纪90年代就被称为“激进的单边主义”。从历史数据看，“301调查”使用频率较低且多通过磋商协议解决。根据彼得森国际经济研究所2018年3月发布的研究报告，1974年至今，美国共进行122起“301调查”，但自2001年起，只有一起“301调查”被正式启动。美国政府曾于1994年做出一项“行政行动声明”，表示要按照符合世界贸易组织规则的方式来执行“301条款”，即美国只有在获得世界贸易组织争端解决机制授权后才能实施“301条款”所规定的制裁措施。1998年，当时的欧共体向世界贸易组织提出关于“301条款”的争端解决案。世界贸易组织争端解决机构认为，单从其法律规定上看，可以初步认定“301条款”不符合世界贸易组织规定。在本次中美经贸摩擦中，美国政府动用“301条款”对中国开展调查，在未经世界贸易组织授权的情况下对中国产品大规模加征关税，明显违反美国政府的上述承诺，其行为是完全非法的。

The US has initiated Section 301 investigation against China. In August 2017, the US initiated a Section 301 investigation against China based on its Trade Act of 1974.  A 25 percent tariff was imposed on US$50 billion worth of goods from China in July and August 2018, followed by a continuation of escalating tariff measures. Another tariff of 10 percent on a further US$200 billion worth of China’s exports to the US was imposed from September 24, 2018. A Section 301 investigation is a trade investigation based on relevant provisions of US domestic law. It requests other countries to accept the intellectual property standards and market access requirements of the US, or face retaliatory trade sanctions. Such practice was described as “aggressive unilateralism” as early as in the 1990s. 

Historical data show that it is very rare for a Section 301 investigation to be initiated – most cases are settled through consultation. According to a report from the Peterson Institute for International Economics released in March 2018, from 1974 to the present, the US government has conducted 122 such Section 301 investigations, but there has been only one new Section 301 investigation since 2001. In 1994, the US government issued a “Statement of Administrative Action”, stating that the Administration intends to use Section 301 under the WTO rules, and that it would only impose sanctions under Section 301 with authorization from the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). In 1998, the European Communities filed a case to the WTO DSB against Section 301, and the Panel came to a preliminary finding that in respect of the statutory language, Section 301 is inconsistent with WTO rules. The US government has initiated a Section 301 investigation in the course of its current trade frictions with China, and imposed huge tariffs on Chinese goods in the absence of WTO authorization. These actions have clearly violated its afore-mentioned commitments, and are completely illegal. 

　　（二）片面指责他国实施产业政策

　　产业政策是一种弥补市场失灵、改善社会福利的有效工具，只要符合世界贸易组织确定的规则，不应受到无端指责。

　　美国是世界上较早运用产业政策的国家之一。尽管美国很少承认实行产业政策，但事实上美国政府实施了比官方说法多得多的产业政策。这些产业政策的范畴从推进技术创新到政府采购、对特定部门和企业的补贴，以及关税保护、贸易协定等，为增强美国产业竞争力发挥了重要作用。

2. Baseless accusations against other countries’ industrial policies

As an effective tool to remedy market failures and improve social welfare, industrial policies should not be subject to groundless accusations as long as they are consistent with WTO rules. 

The US was among the first to adopt industrial policies. The US rarely acknowledges the adoption of such policies, but its government has in fact undertaken many more industrial policies than the official narrative allows. Ranging from technological innovation incentives and government procurement, through subsidies on specific sectors and companies, to tariff protection and trade agreements, these industrial policies have played a vital role in enhancing the competitive strength of US industries.