oral [or = mouth 口；-al→ ] a. ① of the mouth 口的，口部的 /The oral opening in an earthworm is small. 蚯蚓的口腔是很小的。② using speech; spoken 口述的，口头的 / An oral agreement is not enough. We must have a written promise. 光有口头的协议不够。我们应当立一份书面字据。

下面是-al加在动词后面构成名词的两个例子。

arrival [arriv ( ←arrive) v. 到达；-al→] n. the act of arrving; coming 到达；到来 / She is waiting for the arrival of the train. 她正在等火车到站。

denial [deni (← deny) v. 否认；-al→ ] n. the act of denying 否认 / Your denial is fruitless; we have proof. 你否认是徒然无益的，我们有证据。

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