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在本族语词缀中,派生前缀be-的用法是较为复杂的。在古英语中,be-是介词by的弱读形式,它的基本意思是about或 around,主要的引申义有completely (表示加强词义)。be-的属性有两种:1)介词性或副词性前缀。这时,它可以帮助构成像 beside, between这样的介词,也可以加在动词上表示加强词义或构成及物动词。2)动词性前缀。这时,它可以加在名词或形容词上,意为to make或to cause to be。如果加在物质名词上,还可表示 to provide with的意思。在少数情况下,be-表示to make... off的意思。下面分别介绍的主要用法。
首先观察几个be-作为介(副)词性前缀的构词实例。
become [ be- = about 周围;come v. 来“ come about 发生”→]vi. come to be 成为,变得 / He became wiser as he got older.随着年龄增长,他变得聪明了。
befall [ be- = around 周围;fall vi. 降落=> “fall around sb. 落在某人身边”→]vt. happen to发生于,降临到/ Be careful that no harm befalls you. 小心别碰上什么倒霉事儿。
beset [be- = around 四周;set v. 设置=>“set around 设置于四周”→]vt. attack from all sides 困扰,围攻 / We were beset by mosquitoes in the swamp.在沼泽地里我们饱受蚊虫之害。
besiege [ be- = completely 完全;siege v. 包围 => “ siege completely 完全包围” →] vt. surround and try to capture 围困, 围攻 / For ten years the Greeks besieged the city of Troy. 希腊 人把特洛伊城围困了10年。
bestir [ be- = completely 完全;stir v. 激动=> “stir completely 非常激动”→]vt. stir up; exert 激励;发奋 / He was napping in the sun, hardly able to bestir himself for his dinner.他正在阳光下打吨,连吃饭也激不起他的兴趣。