Menopause is the cessation of monthly menstrual cycles. This generally occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 years. Levels of reproductive hormones decline, and egg cells in the ovaries gradually degenerate. Some women experience unpleasant symptoms, such as hot flashes, headaches, insomnia, mood swings, and urinary problems. There is also some atrophy of the reproductive tract with vaginal dryness. Most importantly, decline in estrogen is associated with weakening of the bones (osteoporosis).
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), usually consisting of estrogen in combination with progestin, has been recommended to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Replacement hormones also seem to reduce loss of bone tissue associated with aging. Recent concerns about the safety of HRT, however, have caused reconsideration of this therapy beyond the early postmenopausal years. As always, exercise and a balanced diet with adequate calcium are important in maintaining health. Addition of soybeans to the diet, as found in products such as soy nuts, tofu, and soybean oil, has been recommended for the protective estrogen-like compounds they contain. There are also nonhormonal drugs available to build bone mass if needed.
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