Although the name simply means inflammation of the kidney and glomeruli, glomerulonephritis is a specific disorder that occurs after an immunologic reaction. It is usually a response to infection in another system, commonly a streptococcal infection of the respiratory tract or a skin infection. It may also accompany autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus. The symptoms are hypertension, edema, and oliguria, the passage of small amounts of urine. This urine is highly concentrated. Because of damage to kidney tissue, blood and proteins escape into the nephrons, causing hematuria, blood in the urine, and proteinuria, protein in the urine. Blood cells may also form into small molds of the kidney tubule, called casts, which can be found in the urine.
Most patients recover fully from glomerulonephritis, but in some cases, especially among the elderly, the disorder may lead to chronic renal failure (CRF) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In such cases, urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds accumulate in the blood, a condition termed uremia. These compounds affect the central nervous system, causing irritability, loss of appetite, stupor, and other symptoms. There is also electrolyte imbalance and acidosis.
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