1. They are important because they restrain the skin against gravitational changes at these two points，delineating structures such as the anterior border of the jowl and the nasolabial crease.
这很重要，因为在这两点上束缚皮肤以对抗地心引力而产生的改变，利于保持良好的下颌缘和鼻唇沟的形态(轮廓)。
2. Subcutaneous facelift, the grandfather of techniques, is ideal for young patients with a strong facial skeleton, a thin neck, and a well-defined chin.
皮下除皱术是一项经典的传统技术，非常适合于面部轮廓清晰、颈部细长、颏凸明显的年轻患者。
3. It does not address the force of gravity on the deeper soft tissues of the face. However, because the plane of dissection is superficial to the facial nerve, it is a safer operation.
这项技术不会增加对深层软组织的压力。并且,由于是在面神经的浅面解剖，故手术安全性更高。
4. A standard facelift incision gives access to the subcutaneous plane. Subcutaneous dissection is carried medially to the lateral orbital rim, 1 cm lateral to the oral commissure, and to the level of the thyroid cartilage.
一个标准的皮肤提紧术切口，可直接进入皮下层。其剥离的范围可至眶缘外侧中点、口角外侧1cm及颈部甲状软骨水平。
5. The zygomatic and mandibular ligaments are released so that the tension of the closure is transmitted to the soft tissue of the cheek and jaw, respectively.
分别松解颧弓和下颌骨韧带，以便分别提紧面颊和下颌部的软组织。
6. The skin flap is elevated in a cephalo-posterior direction and fixed at two key points: the temporal scalp and the apex of the postauricular incision. Excess skin and subcutaneous tissue are excised and the wound is closed.
把形成的皮瓣向上、向后提紧，并固定于颞部头皮和耳后切口两个关键点。最后，去除多余的皮肤和皮下组织，关闭切口。
7. Most patients seeking a facelift have extensive submental fat pads, platysmal banding, and jowls, which are best treated by mobilizing the SMAS in addition to skin flaps.
对于大多数求术者，在其频下、颈調肌及颊部均可见过剩的脂肪垫，这就为利用 SMAS系统除皱提供了条件。
8. The SMAS can be elevated and plicated as a separate layer or along with skin flaps.
SMAS 可以作为单独一层被掀起和折叠，或连同皮瓣一起被分离和处理。
9. A thorough understanding of facial nerve anatomy is an important safety concern for this procedure.
深入了解面神经解剖是安全实施此手术(SMAS系统除皱术)的重要保证。
10. Subperiosteal facelift is a relatively new technique in which the surgeon elevates a flap containing all soft tissues of the face off the lateral facial skeleton.
骨膜下除皱术是一项相对较新的技术，外科医师提升的皮瓣中包含了骨面以外所有已被松动的软组织。
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