1. The ear protrudes from the skull at about a 20 degree angle, and the longitudinal axis of the ear usually lies 2 to 30degrees posterior of the vertical axis.
耳郭与颅骨约呈20°角倾斜,耳郭纵轴与颅后垂直线之间通常是20°~30°的夹角。
2. The angle between the nasal base and the upper lip is 95 degrees in men and 110 degrees in women. In profile, a 2 to 3-mm wide segment of columella should be seen below the alar rims.
鼻底与上唇的夹角,女性为110°，男性为95°。从外形上看,两鼻翼缘(中间)下方有2~3 mm 宽的柱状区。
3. In a relaxed position, the lips should be slightly parted, with about 1 to 3 mm of the upper teeth visible. The upper lip is slightly anterior to the lower lip, but this orientation lessens with aging.
在自然状态下,上下唇之间的距离为1~3mm。上唇略突出于下唇,但其突度将随年龄增长而缩小。
4. The "strength" of a face is largely determined by the prominence of the chin relative to the neck. A line from the tip of the nose to the tip of the chin should have a slight inward cant.
面部的“立体感”,很大程度上取决于颏对颈部的相对突度。从鼻尖到须顶端应呈一个稍微前倾的斜面。
5. Mouth, lips and chin is the lower third of the face. The distance from the base of the nose to the inferior border of the upper lip is one third the height of the lower third of the face. The vermilion border of the lower lip is midway between the base of the nose and the chin.
口、唇和颏为面部的下1/3,鼻底至上唇的下缘又占该部位的1/3高度。下唇的红唇缘位于鼻底与额的中点处。
6. Medially, the face is supplied by a series of smaller musculocutaneous perforators: the infraorbital, facial, middle jugal, posterior jugal, and submental arteries-again all interconnected by rich anastomotic networks.
中层由一系列动脉,即由眶下动脉、面动脉、颧中动脉、颧下动脉和颏下动脉较小的肌肉皮肤穿支供给,也互相连接成丰富的血管网。
7. There are five layers of critical anatomy in the face:skin, subcutaneous fat, the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)/ muscular layer, a thin layer of fascia, and the facial nerve.
面部有5个精细的解剖层次:皮肤、皮下脂肪、表浅肌肉膜腱膜系统(SMAS/肌层)、一薄层筋膜和面神经。
8. The SMAS layer is the most heterogeneous. It is fibrous, muscular, or fatty, depending on the location in the face. The muscles of facial expression are part of the SMAS layer, and these muscles are innervated by the facial nerve from their deep surfaces.
SMAS系统最具变异性,其中纤维、肌肉或脂肪组成的含量,可因其在面部的位置不同而有差异。面部表情肌属于SMAS.系统的一部分,这些肌肉的神经支配来源于深面的面神经。
9. The zygomatic ligament and the mandibular ligament anchor the skin of the cheek to underlying bone.
颧弓韧带和下颌骨韧带把皮肤固定在其下的骨面上。
10. The face has a rich vascular supply. Laterally it is supplied by large fasciocutaneous perforators from three main arterial trunks: the facial, the superficial temporal, and the ophthalmic arteries all connected by a rich anastomotic network.
面部具有丰富的血供:浅层由来自三条主干,即面动脉、颞浅动脉和眼动脉的粗大筋膜皮肤穿支供给,并互相连接成丰富的血管网。
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