至少要让学生清楚自己学到了什么:他必须要领悟哲学家的思想内涵，而不是强记他们的教条;对于知识的来源出处无关紧要,重要的是将所学知识转化为自己的东西。真理和理性是大家共享的,没有先后之分;不必理会是柏拉图说的，还是我说的,只要观点一致即可。蜜蜂采花酿蜜,从来不分是百里香的还是墨角兰的,最后的成果只属于自己;同理,学生从他人之处引借而来的零星观点,经过添加、整合自己的观点后,就会编辑出一部全新的、完全属于自己的观点的作品。他所受的教育,以及他的工作和学习,其目的都是为了培养形成自我观点的能力。
Let him, at least, know that he knows. It will be necessary that he imbibe their knowledge, not that he be corupted with their precepts; and no matter if he forget where he had his learning, provided he know how to apply it to his own use. Truth and reason are common to every one, and are no more his who spake them first, thạn his who speaks them after: it is no more according to Plato, than according to me, since both he and I equally see and understand them. Bees cull their several sweets from this flower and that blossom, here and there where they find them, but themselves afterwards make the honey, which is all and purely their own, and no more thyme and marjoram: so the several fragments he borrows from others, he will transform and shuffle together to compile a work that shall be absolutely his own; that is to say, his judgment: his instruction, labour and study, tend to nothing else but to form that.
对孩子的教育一定要避免暴力和强迫!我坚信,没有什么比暴力和强迫更能使孩子智力衰退、迟钝呆滞的了。如果你想让孩子懂得廉耻并害怕惩罚，就应避免对此产生无所谓的态度。要锻炼他不畏酷暑严寒、烈日狂风,不惧怕任何危险;要培养他良好的生活习惯;更要增强他的适应能力,这样他就不会是一个柔弱无能的人,而是一个健康勇敢的年轻人。从孩提时代一直到现在垂垂老矣，我们大部分学校严格的管理模式始终令我感到不悦。假如能多一些宽容，孩子们所犯的错误和受到的伤害可能会少一些。学校是一所真正的囚禁孩子的感化院，受到惩罚的孩子精神备受摧残。您可以亲自去学校看一看，亲耳听一听孩子被惩罚时的乞求声和老师因盛怒而发出的吼叫声。本应该激发这些娇弱、胆怯的孩子对读书的热爱,而老师却呈现给他们一副威严的面孔,手握藤条，这是怎样的做法呀!这种做法的危害性极强,是可鄙的!
Away with this violence! Away with this compulsion! Than which, I certainly believe nothing more dulls and degenerates a well-descended nature. If you would have him apprehend shame and chastisement, do not harden him to them: inure him to heat and cold, to wind and sun, and to dangers that he ought to despise; wean him from all effeminacy and delicacy in clothes and lodging, eating and drinking; accustom him to everything, that he may not be a Sir Paris, a carpet-knight, but a sinewy, hardy, and vigorous young man. I have ever from a child to the age wherein I now an, been of this opinion, and am still constant to it. But amongst other things, the strict government of most of our colleges has evermore displeased me; peradventure, they might have erred less perniciously on the indulgent side. It is a real house of correction of imprisoned youth. They are made debauched by being punished before they are so. Do but come in
when they are about their lesson, and you shall hear nothing but the outcries of boys under execution, with the thundering noise of their pedagogues drunk with fury. A very pretty way this, to tempt these tender and timorous souls to love their book, with a furious countenance, and a rod in hand! A cursed and pernicious way of proceeding!
此外,还可以引用昆提利安”的看法。他认为,老师这种粗暴、武断的体罚方式,会给孩子们的身心带来严重的伤害。按常理来说，在孩子们的教室里，本应看到满眼的绿叶和鲜花,而不是血淋淋的桦条和柳鞭。如果我有这个权力,我一定要让学生的欢声笑语充满校园的每一个角落,就像哲学家斯珀西普斯断所做的那样。收获之处即是欢愉之所。用糖水浸渍的食物才是对孩子们有益的,而那些苦如胆汁的食物则可能给他们带来危险。
Besides what Quintilian has very well observed, that this imperious authority is often attended by very dangerous consequences, and particularly our way of chastising. How much more decent would it be to see their classes strewed with green leaves and fine flowers, than with the bloody stumps of birch and willows? Were it left to my ordering. I should paint the school with the pictures of joy and gladness; Flora and the Graces, as the philosopher Speusippus did his. Where their profit is, let them there have their pleasure too. Such viands as are proper and wholesome for children, should be sweetened with sugar, and such as are dangerous to them,embittered with gall.
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