1. Incisions of periosteum along inferior border of exposed mandible, with care to protect the mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve.
于下颌骨下缘切开骨膜暴露下颌骨时，注意保护面神经下颌缘支。
2. The masseter muscle and inferior part of medial pterygoid muscle insertions are sectioned, the entire external aspect of the mandibular ramus is exposed. The mandible is sectioned at the midline.
游离嚼肌和翼内肌下部的附丽，暴露下领支外侧面。在中线处截断下颌骨。
3. Exposure of the coronoid process. Cutting of the fibers of the temporal muscle which are inserted the coronoid process.
暴露喙突，切断颞肌纤维在喙突上的附丽。
4. Internal pterygoid muscle is sectioned next to expose the inferior alveolar nerve which is sectioned and ligated.
切断翼内肌，暴露下牙槽神经并予以切断结扎。
5. Some wounds are not amenable to primary closure, and there are a variety of ways to rearrange local tissue in order to close these defects.
有些创口无法原位缝合，这时需要一些其他的方法改变局部组织来关闭这些缺损。
6. The three parts of the axillary artery are medial, beneath and lateral to the pectoralis minor.
腋动脉被胸小肌分成3部分：内侧、下方及外侧。
7. The axillary vein has been removed, the median nerve has to be pushed aside to show the radial nerve, axillary nerve and branches of the axillary artery.
切除腋静脉，牵开正中神经，显露桡神经、腋神经及腋动脉的分支。
8. The Ist part of the axillary artery branches one vessel, the superior thoracic artery. The 2nd part branch two vessels, the thoracoacromial artery and the lateral thoracic artery.
腋动脉第1段分出胸上动脉；第2段分出2支：胸肩峰动脉和胸外侧动脉。
9. As a result of the close association of a rib to the intercostal vessels, onerlying skin, and underlying pleurae and lung, pneumothorax or hemothorax are common complications of rib fracture.
肋间血管与肋紧密相贴，外为皮肤,内为肺及胸膜，当肋骨骨折时常引起血胸或气胸。
10. The rectus abdominis muscle has been remoned to reveal the superior and inferior epigastric arteries, and the posterior layer of rectus sheath, arcuate line on the left. On the right, the posterior layer of rectus sheath has been removed to show the extraperitoneal fatly tissue and peritoneum
左侧腹直肌切除，显示腹直肌鞘后层及腹璧上、下动脉。右侧腹直肌鞘后层切除，显示腹外脂肪及腹膜。
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