两者均是指美国地区(或地方,即district)的检察官。其区别在于United States attorney是指由总统任命lawyer,在刑事 (或民事)案件中代表联邦政府在联邦司法地区(federal judicial district)进行检控或担任其他职责,其也称为United States District Attorney,故译为“美国联邦地方检察官”。而district attorney 则指经任命或选举的公共官员,代表州政府在特定的司法地区在刑事案件中作检控,故译为“州地方检察官”(a public official appointed or elected to represented the state in criminal cases in a particular judicial district [2]),也称为 public prosecutor、 state's attorney、prosecuting attorney 等。
实际上,在美国,检察官的通用词为public prosecutor,其分为联邦和州两个体系,联邦系统的prosecutor称为United States attorney,而州体系的则称为district attorney;而“检察长”则称为 Attorney General,也分为州检察长(attorney general of a state)和联邦政府的检察长(Attorney general of the United States)。目前有些法律词典只将district attorney简单译为:(美) 地方检察官(又译:地区检察官)[3],容易使读者将该术语误认为是“联邦地方检察官”。
在英国及威尔士,警方起prosecutor的作用,可用information提起刑事指控,其行为应在检察长的咨询意见(advise)下进行;此外政府各部门或地方当局内的司法机构也可进行检控(...many thousands of cases yearly are instituted by government departments and local authorities who have their own legal departments )。检察长称为 director of public prosecutions,其一般由资历在10年的沙律师或巴律师担任,由内政大臣(appointed by the Home Secretary)任命,负责决定对疑难或严重犯罪的刑事指控,受制于总检察长(Barrister General)或副总检察长(Solicitor General)。
[1] Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition, at p. 1533,West Group (1999 ).
[2] Id. at p. 489.
[3] 参见《英汉法律词典》编写组编:《英汉法律词典》,法律出版社1999年版,第248页。
[4] 参见李荣甫、宋雷主编:《法律英语教程》,法律出版社1999年版,第11页。